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INTRODUCTION xxxi<br />
organisms there is an ingoing endosmotic or nutritive current and the outgoing exosmotic or waste product current.<br />
These currents vary in activity at intervals. The ingoing and outgoing currents are largely determined by the<br />
osmotic nature of the wall bounding the cell, and by the varying densities of the fluids within and without the cell.<br />
The mgoing and outgoing currents, essentially osmotic in their nature, occur in individual cells, and are to be<br />
regarded as primary, fundamental currents. Given living cells, cell contents, cellular plants and animals, plus<br />
moisture, ingoing and outgoing currents become a necessity. These currents are indispensable aUke to the<br />
lowest and highest plants and animals. Plants and animals can have no health as apart from the more or less<br />
constant inflow and outflow of gases, fluids, and semi-solids into and out of their bodies. The ingoing and outgoing<br />
currents are required to change at shorter or longer intervals all the particles entering into the formation of plants<br />
and animals, and plants and animals are healthy in proportion as the currents are vigorous, well maintained, and<br />
duly balanced. If the ingoing currents are in excess there is turgescence, oedema, and swelling ; if defective, there is<br />
shrinkage and diminution of bulk. From the foregoing, it will be evident that plants and animals, and all parts<br />
thereof, are constantly changing, and that there is no such thing as stability, in the hteral acceptation of that term,<br />
in the organic kingdom. The same is to be said of the inorganic kingdom. The want of stability or the ceaseless<br />
ebb and flow of matter without and within living plants and animals make the examination of atoms and molecules<br />
imperative in the present work. This follows for four reasons :<br />
(a) Plants and animals are primarily and fundamentally composed of atoms and molecules, and these, in turn,<br />
form cells and cell structures.<br />
(6) Atoms and molecules are continually entering into and leaving plants and animals.<br />
(c) Reproduction and growth and all the changes occurring in plants and animals are dependent on atoms and<br />
molecules, and the cells formed by them.<br />
(d) Movements of all kinds, be they great or small, connected with the circulation, respiration, locomotion, &c.,<br />
originate in atoms and molecules.<br />
In the present work I propose to deal more especially with hfe, growth, and movement as indicating design ;<br />
life determining the amount and direction of growth ; growth determining form, particularly radiating, concentric,<br />
and spiral form, and life, growth, and form determining movement ; notably the centripetal, centrifugal, and spiral<br />
movements ; the latter occurring in cHmbing plants, the viscera, the circulation, and in walking, swimming,<br />
and flying.<br />
I also deal, incidentally, with the reproductive and nervous systems ; a knowledge of both being necessary to<br />
a just comprehension of the activities of plants and animals. A nervous system, or its equivalent, there is reason<br />
to believe, may be predicated of plants and animals ahke. The parts of the work devoted to the viscera, the circu-<br />
lation, and the locomotion of animals were largely written by me in the form of Memoirs communicated to,<br />
and published by, various learned societies between the years 1864 and 1873. Of these and other contributions I<br />
append a list :<br />
"On the Arrangement of the Muscular Fibres iu the Ventricles of the \'ertebrate Heart, with Physiological Remarks." (Proc. Roy. Sue.<br />
Land., April 19, 1860, and Phil. Trans., Part II., 1864.)<br />
"On the Relations, Structure, and Functions of the Valves of the Vascular System in Vertebrata." (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxiii., 1864.)<br />
" On the Ganglia and Xerves of the Heart and their connection with the Cerebro-spinal and Sympathetic Systems in Mammalia." (Proc. Roy.<br />
Soc. £diii., 186.5.)<br />
"On the Muscular Tunics of the Stomach in Man and other Mammalia." (Proc. Roy. Soc. Lmid., 1867.)<br />
'<br />
' On the Muscular Arrangements of the Bladder and Prostate, and the Manner in which the Ureters and Urethra are Closed. '<br />
" (Phil. Trans. ,<br />
Part I., 1867.)<br />
"On the various Modes of Flight in Relation to Aeronautics." (Proc. Ro^j. Inslit. of Great Biiliiin, March 22, 1867.)<br />
"On the Mechanical Appliances by which Flight is attained in the Animal Kingdom." (Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. xxvi., read June 6<br />
and 20, 1867.)<br />
"On the Physiology of Wings ; being an Analysis of the Movements by which Flight is Produced iu the Insect, Bird, and Bat." (Trans. Roy.<br />
Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi., 1871. Received by the Society, August 2, 1870 ; read January 16. 1871.)<br />
"On the Relation of Plants and Animals to Inorganic Matter, and on the Interaction of the A'ital and Physical Forces." (Lancet,<br />
November 5, 1873.)<br />
"Animal Locomotion, or Walking, Swimming, and Flying." (Anglo-American Series, London, 1873.)<br />
"The Physiology of the Circulation in Plants, iu the Lower Animals, and in Man." (Edin. Med. Journ., 1872 : Macmillan k Co., Loud., 1874.)<br />
" Man in his Anatomical, Physical, and Physiological Aspects." (Lancet, November 1875.)<br />
"Flight and Flying Macliines." (Ency. Brilannini, 9th ed., vol. ix., Edin., 1879.)<br />
"The Phonogi-aph or Speech Recorder in its Relation to the Human Voice and Ear." (Modern Thought, February 1882.)<br />
"Creation—Man's place iu Creation—his Development and Education from a Science Point of View." (Brit. Med. Journ., November 1882 ;<br />
and Educational Times, December 1882.)<br />
" Civilisation a Result of Intellectual Progress." (Not yet published.)<br />
" The Brain and Nervous System in their Relation to Mind, or the Correlation of the Physical and Psychical Forces." (Not yet published.)<br />
"On the Formation of Crystals, Dendrites, Spiral and other Structm-es in Relation to Growth and Movemeut, especially Rhythmic<br />
Movement." (Edin. Med. Journ., March and April 1901.)