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344 DESIGN IN NATURE<br />
manatees, seals, walruses, &c., aSord examples of animals whicli permanently live in the sea, but which at shorter<br />
or longer intervals throughout their entire lives must come to the surface of the water to breathe air.<br />
In reahty these animals are true air-breathers. They give no countenance to the theory that they are land<br />
animals which have adopted the ocean as their home and are in the act of changing their natures and becoming<br />
fishes or fish-like animals. As a matter of fact, the sea mammals occupy a much higher position than fishes in<br />
the organic scale. There is nothing in the histories of the sea mammals to show that these most interesting members<br />
of the organic kingdom are changing either their natures or their external forms to meet the requirements of<br />
natural selection on the one hand, or of evolution on the other.<br />
A certain relation obtains between the breathing habits of animals and their modes of locomotion.<br />
The breathing apparatus and organs of locomotion must be specially provided for during the development and<br />
growth of the several classes of animals-—that is, they are original structures, the outcome of design and pre-arrange-<br />
ment, and not chance products developed during their hves by accident, and by the accumulation of trifling fortuitous<br />
modifications extending over long periods, as claimed by Darwin in his " Origin of Species by Natural Selection."<br />
The breathing and travelhng organs cannot be produced by efforts of will on the part of animals. They are<br />
necessities of hfe, and as such are inborn. Their production is not left to chance, or environment, or any form<br />
of irritation or extraneous stimulation.<br />
Animals are not permitted to breathe air and water indiscriminately ; neither are they constructed to move<br />
on the land, and on and in the water, and the air, with equal facility.<br />
It is not here maintained that one and the same animal may not occasionally walk on the land, swim in the<br />
water, and fly in the air. Several insects and birds do this. All that is meant is that animals primarily adapted<br />
for land transit are, as a rule, indifferent swimmers and cannot fly, while animals originally adapted for swimming<br />
walk badly, or not at all, and cannot fly ; animals which are expressly adapted for flying, in the majority of cases,<br />
swimming and walking with difiiculty.<br />
The walking, swimming, and flying types are well marked ; and all animals, be they insects, fishes, reptiles, birds,<br />
or quadrupeds, must rigorously conform, as regards their general shape, and the form, size, and structure of their<br />
travelUng organs, to the laws which regulate locomotion on the land, and on and in the water and the air respectively.<br />
In all this there is design. The whole animal is constructed on specific hnes to attain certain ends. The<br />
travelling arrangements in adult animals are not temporary but permanent, and animals would attempt in vain<br />
to perform feats on the land, in the water, or the air, for which they had not structural warrant. Structure<br />
invariably precedes function, and until an animal is endowed with the proper travelling organs and surfaces no<br />
satisfactory progress can be made along either of the three great highways of nature—namely, the land, the water, and<br />
the air. The explanation of these hard and fast arrangements is on the surface. All animals, be they great or small,<br />
simple or complex, must be provided with bodies and organs which enable them to pursue, capture, devour, and<br />
assimilate their food. Such as are not so provided sooner or later die of inanition. The procuring of food is as<br />
essential to animals as the procuring of air, and the plan of construction of all animals is threefold, and such as<br />
enables them at once to secure food and air, and to reproduce themselves.<br />
In this connection it is important to point out that no animal can by an effort of will cause its travelling organs<br />
to develop in a particular direction ; still less can it originate or inaugurate their growth at any period of its life history.<br />
The travelling organs, to whatever class of animals they belong, are original endowments conferred by the Architect<br />
of the universe to secure well-defined and desirable objects. They are never chance products ; they never grow<br />
unbidden, or apart from a pre-conceived plan. On the contrary, they are provided for in the embryo and foetus,<br />
in anticipation of the work to be ultimately performed by them. It is not a case of an animal adapting itself<br />
during its Hfe to a particular mode of locomotion ; neither is it a case of environment and extraneous stimulation<br />
of particular parts of the body originating and ensuring the growth of travelling organs at special points. The<br />
travelling organs are part of the original being, and the individual, whatever its position in nature, has no power<br />
to increase or diminish their size, to alter their peculiar shapes, or to change the substances composing them. The<br />
conditions are rigorous and unalterable, and everything must bend to the inevitable as far as effective progression<br />
on the land, on and in the water, and in the air is concerned.<br />
A not uncommon behef is that all hving creatures originally proceeded from the water, and that in the course<br />
of time they modified themselves in such a manner as enabled them to live and move comfortably on the land and<br />
to fly in the air. There is no proof or even analogy to support this theory. In order for a water-breathing and<br />
water-navigating animal to become an air-breathing and air-navigating one, it must develop lungs, and alter its<br />
general shape, and that of its travelling organs. These are structural modifications of the first magnitude, and<br />
beyond the reach of any animal per se. The animal can only grow along the hnes laid down by its parents. If a<br />
water-breathing animal be removed from that element and kept on terra firma for a short time it inevitably dies ;