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172 DESIGN IN NATURE PLATE LXXI PLATE LXXI (continued) the power possessed by auiitialcules of changing shape and of circulatinij endoplasui. The circulation of living matter in a given direction by a zooid is a new factor and is to be regarded as a fundamental endowment (the Author). Figs. 12 and 1.3. Lophomotms striata and Lophovwnas hlattarum with brush-like flagella-fascicles, x 800 (ButschH). Fig. 13 shows beautiful spiral formation. Fig. 14. Hexamita rostrata with four anterior and two posterior flagella, x 6,50. Figs. 16 and 16.—Animalcule (Hexamita inflata) dividing by longitudinal fission, x 6.50. Fio. 17.— Sinular animalcule gyrating upon its attached posterior flagella and producing a beautiful spiral. The spiral is reversed at intervals, x 1000 (W. S. Kent). Fig. 18.—Animalcule (Callodictyon triciliatum) enveloping a vegetable fibre, x 400 (Carter). Fig. 19.—Animalcule (Atractonema teres), pli, Pharynx and vibratile flagellum ; cv, contractile vesicle ; n, nucleus ; a, amylaceous corpuscles, x 640 (Stein). The direct connection of tlie pharynx with tlie contractile vesicle shown in this figure proclaims the advent of a stomach and heart in the higher animals, each endowed with independent rhythmic movements (the Author). Fig. 20.—The same dividing by longitudinal fission. Fig. 21.—The same with flagellum absent and endojilast enlarged and broken up into germinal elements (g). ph, Pharynx ; cv, contractile vesicle ; a, amylaceous corpuscle. Fig. 22.—Animalcule (Phialonema njclostomuni) with spirally ribbed cuticle, x 500 (Stein). Illustrates spiral structures in low animal forms (the Author). Fig. 23. —Normal extended animalcule (Eiiglena qnrugyra). aa, Amylaceous corpuscles ; «, nucleus ; cv, contractile vesicle ; e, eyelike pigment spot (W. S. Kent). Shows oblique spiral markings (in surface of body (the Author). Fig. 24.—Animalcule (Englena oxyuris), x 200 (Stein). Shows beautiful spiral arrangement well adapted for swimming. Spiral structures and spiral movements appear very low down in the scale of being (the Author). Fig. 25.—Spirally twisted non-flagellate animalcule (Phacus longicaudm), x 300 (Stein).
ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL FORMS 173 PLATE LXXI (continued) Figs. 26 and 27.—Extended and contracted phases of Heteromastix proteiformis, x 500 (J. Clark). These figures show in a striking manner the centrifugal and centripetal power possessed by animalcules of changing shape and moving all their parts voluntarily and at discretion (the Author). Fios. 28 and 29.—Malhmoiias plosslii, x 800. Show radiating awangement of fine hair-like setEe on surface of body. Fig. 30. Mallomonas fresenii with long hair-like setse, x 350. Figs. 31, 32, and ZS.—Asthmatos ciliaris, x 400 (Salisbury). Tliis animalcule presents a flagellum and brush-like fascicle of long flexible cilia. It has a plastic body and is capable of changing shape by centripetal and centrifugal movements. At Fig. 33 the body is dividing transversely to produce two individuals (the Author). Fig. 34. Trichonema hirsuta, x 400 (Fromentel). Figs. 35 and S6.—Mitophora dubia, x 350 (Perty). Body provided with flagellum and peripheral fringe of cilia. The latter can produce food currents or act as organs of locomotion. Fig. 37. Stephanomonas locellus, x 400 (Fromentel). Fig. 38. Geratium tripos, Miill. Normal short-armed type, x 250. Figs. 39 and 40.—Normal animalcule {Melodinium ubeirimiim) dividing by transverse fission, x 300 (Allnian). PLATE LXXII This plate illustrates transverse and annular markings and divisions ; radiating, concentric, and spiral arrangements, and the plant-hke distribution of colonies of zooids. Very remarkable and beautiful as regards shape and markings is the lorica or protective covering of zooids. This is, in some respects, as extraordinary as the hexagonal-shaped cell of the comb of the honey-bee. It is produced by a process of secretion and is in no way due to pressure. As a constructive feat it is unique in the animal kingdom both as regards the material, moulding, and ornamentation. The most expert glass-blower cannot rival, far less surpass the extreme minuteness, delicacy, and accuracy of the work. What explanation can be given of the fact that one of the gems of nature's architecture is produced by one of the simplest animals, imless it be that the First Cause works through plant and animal alike from the monad to the man ? Similar remarks apply to the marvellous constructions (shells, &c.) of the Foraminifera, and stiU lower grades, witnessed in plants. Fig. 1.—Helmet-shaped empty lorica or, protecting covering of animalcule (Codonella galea), showing tesselated structure, resembling hexagonal epithelial, liver, and pigment cells, x 200. Fig. 2.—Same animalcule extended beyond the orifice of its lorica. n, Nucleus ; cv, contractile vesicle (Haeckel). This animalcule bears a considerable general resemblance to certain jelly fishes (the Author). Fig. 3.—Empty lorica of Codonella campanella, x 200, shows exquisite symmetry and regular circular markings. Fig. ^.—Opalina ranarum. Body elliptical and fiattened. Shows temporarily assumed parallel disposition of the cilia, x 100 (W. Saville Kent). Figs. 5 and 7.—Examples of Arachnidium globosum with tentacles extended (Fig. 5) and reti-acted (Fig. 7). n. Nucleus ; cv, contractile vesicle, x 1200. Body nearly spherical, oral cilia thick and tentaculiform, nucleus large and curved. The tentacles when retracted assume a spiral form. Fig. 6.—Ventral aspect of animalcule (Halteria grandinella), x 600. Body subglobose ; springing setEe long, fine, and forming central girdle ; the adoral set» at one point exhibiting spiral involution. Illustrates spiral, concentric, and radiating arrangements (the Author). Fig. 8.—Abnormal multiple subdivision of animalcule {Didinium nasutum), x 200 (Eberhard). Body barrel-shaped, provided with two wreaths of cilia— anterior and central. Shows transverse segmentation. Figs. 9, 10, and 11.—Natatory animalcule (nidinium nasutum) illustrating the seizure and engulfment of a parameciitm as delineated by Balbiani, x 200. Body and cilia as in Fig. 8. Fig. 12.—Didinium nasutum in the act of dividing by transverse fission, x 200 (Balbiani). Fig. 13.—Adherent zooid (Urocentrum turbo) dividing by transverse fission, x 300 (W. S. Kent). Fig. 14.-A(lult zooiJ (Gyrocoris oxi/ura), x 300 (Tate m). ^ Body posterior marginal fringe very long and fine. Contractile vesicle large. bell-shaped, subpyriform ; claw-like tail or style; cilia forming Fig. 15.—Adult animalcule as figured by Eberhard, x 300. Shows well-marked spiral contour greatly resembling that of many shells (the Author). Figs. 16 and 17.—Lateral and ventral aspects of Triehodina baltica showing denticles of adherent disc as drawn by Quennerstedt, x 350. Body turban-shaped, having ring of suctorial disc toothed on both its outer and inner borders ; outer teeth recurved outwards, the inner ones straight and aculeate Show two wreaths of cilia (Fig. 16), and concentric, radiating, and spiral arrangements (I-.g. 17). Figs. 18 and 19,—Adult expanded (Fig. 18) and contracted (Fig. 19) zooids (Zoothamnium carcini), x 200. Illustrate the power possessed by zooida of changing shape by centrifugal and centripetal movements (the Author). Fig. 20.-Extended and contracted zooid (Vorticella cratera) as drawn by D'Udekem x 250. Body broadly campanulate, inflated, and hemispherical ; peristome bodies flattened. Ciliary disc but slightly elevated ; pedicle long and stout and provided with spiral
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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Page 161 and 162: ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
Page 163 and 164: LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
Page 171 and 172: A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
Page 173 and 174: BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
Page 175 and 176: VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
Page 177 and 178: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
Page 181 and 182: a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
Page 185 and 186: EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
Page 187 and 188: EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
Page 199 and 200: ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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Page 219 and 220: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
Page 221 and 222: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
Page 223 and 224: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
Page 225 and 226: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
Page 227 and 228: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
Page 229 and 230: INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
Page 231 and 232: MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
Page 233 and 234: Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
Page 235 and 236: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 237 and 238: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 239 and 240: MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
Page 241 and 242: PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
Page 255 and 256: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 257 and 258: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 259 and 260: TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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