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i6 DESIGN IN NATURE PLATE VIII Plate viii. shows photographs of transcendently fine spiral nebulae. The first three figures of the plate reveal left-handed spiral nebulae ; the fourth figure displaying a right-handed spiral nebula. The nebulae have an astral centre or core, and are symmetrical, each nebula being composed of two portions which wind into each other from opposite points, either from above and below, or from the sides. These spiral arrangements in the heavens are very striking, and demand the most careful consideration. Dr. Isaac Roberts, who has devoted much attention to the subject, says of them : " The records of these features are now so numerous and accordant that they cannot be attributed to accidental or fortuitous circumstances " (" Stars, Star-clusters, and Nebula;," vol. ii. p. C7). Fig. 1.— Photograph of Spiral Nebula Ijl iv., Ui'seb Majoris, by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.R.S. Lord Rosse observed this nebula between 1851 and 1862, and detected its spiral natui-e. He says that light, mottled, faint nebulosity fills up the space between the arms. The photograph shows the nebula to be a left-handed spiral with bright stellar nucleus, and with both stellar and elongated condensations in the convolutions. (Photographs of Stars, Star-clusters, and Nebulae.) Fig. 2.— Photograph of Spiral Nebula M. 100, ConiEe Berenicis, by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.R.S. This nebula forms a most exquisite left-handed spiral, with the nucleus very sharply stellar in the midst of faint nelmlosity. The convolutions, according to Dr. Roberts, are strikingly perfect, and have several aggregations of nebulosity iii them ; three or four fiiint stars are also involved. (Photographs of Stars, Star-clusters, and Nebiilse.) Fig. 3.—Photograph of Spiral Nebula M. 51, Canuni Venaticoruni, by Dr. Isaac Rolierts, F.R.S. Lord Rosse describes this nebula, and figures it as a strong, left-handed, spiral structure. According to Dr. Roberts the nucleus of the large nebula consists of a small bright star in the midst of a patch of very dense nebulosity, from which the convolutions radiate in approximately symmetrical forms. The convolutions are broken up into numerous stars and star-like condensations, and there are wisps of nebulosity, with a star involved in each of them. One of these appears to have been deformed, probably by the action of the second nucleus, as indicated by the disarrangement of symmetry. (Photographs of Star.s, Star-clusters, and Nebulfe.) Fjg. 4.— Photograph of Spiral Nebula M. 74, Piscium, by Dr. Isaac Roberts, F.R.S. This nebula forms a beautiful right-handed spiral. It is the reverse of the spirals seen at Figs. 1, 2, and 3 ; these, as stated, being left-handed spirals. Lord Rosse describes it as a spiral nebula with the centre formed of stars, and several stars visible through the nebula. According to Dr. Roberts the convolutions are studded with many .stars and star-like condensations—the nebulous matter forming the convolutions being broken up into stars and star-like loci which vary in brightness. Dr. Roberts remarks that every spiral nebula photographed by him has a stellar nucleus siirroumied by dense nebulosity in the centre of revolution. (Photographs of Stars. Star-clusters, and Nebulje.) I add a striking photograph of the Great Nebula in the constellation of Andromeda, wlxich, according to recent astronomical authorities, shows a world in process of formation. For vastness and grandeur it transcends everything yet discovered. The photograph reproduces the outstanding features and details of the nebula, and has been faithfully rendered at Fig. 6. Tn the photograph, the Great Nebula is seen more or less sideways, and presents an elliptical form. Viewed from before it would be nearly circular. The new sun, all but completed, occupies the centre of the system, and is distinguished by its greater luminosity. The vast circular rings and spiral folds which invest it are beUeved to be undergoing a process of condensation at their free margins, and preparing matter for the formation of future planets. They present an arrangement similar to that witnessed in the Milky Way. Already the sites of various heavenly bodies differing considerably in magnitude are indicated — some of them being in position. This is especially the case in the outer coils of the Nebula, where planets formed and in process of formation are seen. The whole system is evidently in a state of flux, and if it could be examined as a near object a scene of unparalleled activity would doubtless present itself—matter moving in all directions in apparent confusion, but in reahty in obedience to law and order, and according to a well-considered, preconceived, predetermined plan. Some parts of the Nebula are semi-transparent, and stars are seen through and beyond it. The spectroscope, however, indicates that the gaseous period has been passed and, in all probability, the fluid stage reached. Changes of a far-reaching nature are evidently occurring slowly but surely in strict sequence, and according to unalterable laws. The distance of the Nebula from the earth is inconceivably great, and its size so enormous that it completelv dwarfs our solar system. An approximate idea of its vast dimensions may be formed from the following calculation. " Light—which travels at the rate of 185,000 miles a second, and could cross our solar system in a little over four hours—would require more than five years to pass from one end of it to the other." The following graphic account of the Great Nebula is from the pen of Mr. Norman Lattey : " Far away, floating in the immeasurable depths of infinite space, gleams a tiny patch of luminosity. To the naked eye it looks like a hazy star, and is visible in this country from September to January on clear nights. Astronomers call it the Great Nebula in Andromeda. It is really the immense spirit of a yet unborn universe, whose story of creation has only reached the first chapter, and cannot be concluded for countless centuries. There are, of course, other nebulae in the sky in various stages of evolution ; but they are mostly mere tangled masses of glowing gas, 'shape- less and inert, as yet untouched by the vitalising power of motion which is essential in order that their dead matter may be converted into Hving worlds
VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 7 Fig, 1. Fig. 3, PLATE VIII Fig. 2. Fig. 4.
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
Page 5: Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
Page 15 and 16: § 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
Page 21 and 22: §§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
Page 23 and 24: CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
Page 25 and 26: § 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
Page 27 and 28: PREFACE The present work has attain
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUCTION The present work natur
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
Page 37 and 38: INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
Page 39 and 40: DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
Page 41 and 42: STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
Page 43 and 44: ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
Page 49 and 50: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
Page 51 and 52: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
Page 53: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
Page 57 and 58: ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
Page 59 and 60: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
Page 61 and 62: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
Page 63 and 64: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
Page 67 and 68: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
Page 69 and 70: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
Page 71 and 72: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
Page 73 and 74: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
Page 75 and 76: CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
Page 77 and 78: RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
Page 83 and 84: 1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
Page 85 and 86: § 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
Page 87 and 88: VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 89 and 90: DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
Page 95 and 96: VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 97 and 98: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 99 and 100: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 101 and 102: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
Page 103 and 104: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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