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132 DESIGN IN NATURE chain. An impression received by the integument of any part of the body may be transmitted inward to its own ganghon and thence reflected immediately outward, so as to produce a movement of the limbs belonging to that articulation alone ; or it may be propagated, through the longitudinal commissures, forward or backward, and produce simultaneous movements in several neighbouring articulations ; or, fmally, it may be propagated qmte up to the anterior pair of gangha or ' brain,' where its reception will be accompanied with consciousness, and a voluntary movement reflected back upon any or all of the limbs at once. The organs of special sense, also, com- municate directly with the cerebral gangUa ; and impressions conveyed through them may accordingly give rise to movements in any distant part of the body." i Similar reasoning, I would point out, is apphed to the nervous system of man, especially to the gangha or nerve centres of the spinal cord. It is also applied to the nerve centres of the head and other parts in their relation to the sense organs. Figures illustrating the comparative anatomy of the nervous system of the lower and higher animals are given at Plate Ivii. which follows. The starfish is capable of controlhng its movements. It can move towards an object which it fancies, or away from an object which it disHkes or fears. The element of voluntariness enters into all its acts. It takes full advantage of the lines of communication which connect it with the outer world, and the hues of force which enable it to move its several parts as a whole (Plate Ivii., Fig. 1, A). PLATE LVII This plate shows the beginnings and gradual advance of the nervous system as represented by ganglia and sensory and motor nerves in the lower animals : also the progressive development of the spinal cord and brain in the higher animals. The brain is to be regarded as an expansion of the spinal cord, and consists of essentially the same nerve elements. Fig. 1.—Illustrates the nei've arrangements in the five-rayed brainless starfish. It consists of a circular commissural nerve ring with five nerve centres or ganglia (one at the foot of each limb). Each ganglion receives and gives off sensory and motor nerves. A. a, Commissural nerve ring surrounding the mouth of the starfish ; h, oral aperture of starfish ; c, one of the five triangularshaped giinglionic masses ; d, motor nerves ; e, sensory nerves. The starfish in virtue of its nerve arrangements can receive sensory impressions from without and send out motor impulses from within. The animal can feel and move voluntarily, and is in no sense dependent for its movements on inherent irritability, stimulation, or so-called reflex action. The five-rayed starfish and its nervous system are symmetrical (after Dalton). B. The Aplysia—an unsymmetrical mollusc—with an unsymmetrical nervous system. In tlie aplysia a rudimentary brain makes its appearance. The cephalic or brain ganglion is composed of two small ganglionic masses fused together and connected with the ganglionic nerve centres in all the other parts of the body by means of commissural nerve fibres. The ganglia receive and give off sensory and motor nerve fibres, and the animal can, like the starfish, feel and move to given ends, irrespective of inherent irritability, artificial stimulation, and so-called reflex action, a, Digestive or oesophageal ganglia ; b, cephalic or cerebral ganglia ; c c, pedal or locomotory ganglia ; d, respiratory ganglion. The nervous system of the aplysia is symmetrical in the upper, and asymmetrical in the lower part of the body. Fig. 2.—Nerve cells from a lumbar sympathetic ganglion without a sheath (A), and with a sheath (B), from the nervous system of an adult man. The cell substance contains pigment of a vivid yellow tint, and is consequently darkly granular (after Max Schultze). Fig. 3.—a. Illustrates the nervous -system of the centipede (Scolopendra). It consists of a double chain of ganglia connected together by longitudinal and transverse nerve commissures ; two ganglia with sensory and motor nerves being provided for each articulation of the animal. The cephalic ganglia are increased in size and united to form a fairly well developed brain. The brain of the centipede sends nerves to the antenna; and to the organs of special sense, a, Brain composed of two symmetrical portions united longitudinally and transversely by nerve commissures ; c c', the longitudinal commissural fibres of the left side of the nervous system. B. Illustrates the nervous system of man (Homo napiens). The human nervous system is usually divided into a cerebro-spinal and sympathetic portion—the former only being here represented. The cerebro-spinal svstem closely resembles that of the centipede which furnishes its type. It consists of two symmetrical halves with collections of ganglia corresponding to the segments of the body The gangha are provided with sensory and motor nerves, and are united longitudinally and transversely by nerve commissures to secure harmonious working. 'Ihe peculiarity of the cerebro-spinal system in man is the enormous expansion of the cerebro-spinal obes or hemispheres which grow upwards, forwards, and backwards, and so cover in the great ganglionic nerve centres situated at the base of the brain a, Cerebral lobes or great brain (cerebrum) ; b, cerebellum ; c, cervical portion of spinal cord : c', dorsal portion of spinal cord : d, brachial plexus and nerves going to the arms ; e, lumbar plexus and nerves going to the legs. Fig. 4.—Transverse sections of cervical portion of human spinal cord, showing the grey ganglionic nerve centres with their sensory and motor nerves ihe grey ganglionic matter is arranged in two symmetrical crescentic masses within the cord : this being united longitudinally and transversely by nervous commissures. The sensory and motor nerves are connected with the free extremities (horns) of ihe crescentic grey substance and are white in colour. The cord is divided into two portions by anterior and posterior fissures. It is further divided by the grey crescentic matter of the cord and the ingoing and outcoming sensory and motor nerves, so that it may be said to consist of six longitudinal columns. « o o j i Numerals are employed in describing the figures given of tlie spinal cord, and the same numerals indicate the same parts. A. Anterior view of spinal cord. C. Upper surface of cord. B. View of right side of cord. D. The nerve roots and ganglia seen from below. (1), Anterior median fissure of cord ; (2), posterior median fissure of cord; (3), antero-lateral depression; (4), posterior lateral 1 "A Treatise on Human Physiology," by John C. Dalton, M.D., &c., 5th edition, piJ. 38S-388.
A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig. 3. B a PLATE LVII Fig. 4. Fig. 2. Fig. 6. 133
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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Page 121 and 122: LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
Page 123 and 124: TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
Page 125 and 126: j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
Page 127 and 128: vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
Page 129 and 130: RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
Page 131 and 132: ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
Page 133 and 134: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
Page 135 and 136: THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
Page 137 and 138: SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
Page 139 and 140: ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
Page 141 and 142: UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
Page 143 and 144: force is so feeble that the chain o
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Page 149 and 150: THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
Page 151 and 152: THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
Page 153 and 154: MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
Page 155 and 156: MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
Page 157 and 158: ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
Page 159 and 160: ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
Page 161 and 162: ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
Page 163 and 164: LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
Page 169: LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 13
Page 173 and 174: BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
Page 175 and 176: VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
Page 177 and 178: ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
Page 181 and 182: a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
Page 185 and 186: EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
Page 187 and 188: EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
Page 199 and 200: ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
Page 219 and 220: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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