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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185<br />
" To obtain any adequate conception of their size we must betake ourselves to a scheme of threefold magnifica-<br />
tion. Lord Kelvin has shown that, if a drop of water were magnified to the size of the earth, the molecules of<br />
water would be of a size intermediate between that of a cricket-ball and of a marble. Now each molecule contains<br />
three atoms, two being of hydrogen and one of oxygen. The corpuscles may stand to the atom in a similar scale<br />
of magnitude. Accordingly a threefold magnification would be needed to bring these ultimate parts of the atom<br />
within the range of our ordinary scales of measurement. We must return to the intermediate stage of magnifica-<br />
tion, in which we consider those communities of atoms which form molecules. This is the field of research of the<br />
chemist.<br />
" Communities of atoms are called chemical combinations, and we know that they possess every degree of<br />
stability. The existence of some is so precarious that the chemist in his laboratory can barely retain them for a<br />
moment ; others are so stubborn that he can barely break them up. In this case dissociation and re-union into<br />
new forms of communities are in incessant and spontaneous progress throughout the world.<br />
" Stability is, further, a property of relationship to surrounding conditions ; it denotes adaptation to<br />
environment."<br />
In this connection it may be well to state that Professor De Launay, in an article on " The Evolution of Matter,"<br />
argues that since uranium changes into radium, and radium changes into helium, there is, in general, a spontaneous<br />
evolution of matter going on. He mentions that M. Curie was asking himself whether not merely this uranium-radiumhelium<br />
group, but all chemical elements, have a certain duration of life, like organised beings, but relatively much<br />
longer than that of the radium group.<br />
Matter, as the fundamental substratum of life and being, is invested with quite an extraordinary interest. This<br />
interest is enhanced when it is remembered that matter and mind are indissolubly associated in living beings.<br />
From the earHest times the nature and composition of matter has engaged the attention of mankind.<br />
Time was when the physical universe was believed to consist of various kinds of ponderable matter combined<br />
in various ways and scattered throughout space, subject to the laws of motion, the influence of chemical affinity,<br />
temperature, &c. ;<br />
retaining its mass unchanged, and exercising, at all distances, a force of attraction on other material<br />
masses according to the great law of gravitation.<br />
There were then certain imponderables, of which heat (phlogiston) was one, two elastic fluids, and corpuscular<br />
emanations to constitute light. The all-absorbing subjects of magnetism and electricity were comparatively<br />
unknown. Matter was believed to be indestructible, and one of its distinguishing characteristics was that it acted<br />
at a distance. No mention was yet made of the law of the conservation and dissipation of energy. Neither<br />
had the undulatory theory of fight been worked out, nor the existence of ether, as a continuous substance, occupy-<br />
ing all space, and which made strain or instantaneous direct action, as opposed to action at a distance, possible,<br />
been mooted.<br />
About a century ago Young opened the controversy which estabUshed the undulatory theory of light, and<br />
necessitated the existence of a continuous medium, that medium being the modern ether, i The universal presence<br />
of ether in the universe necessary for the transmission of light not only makes action by strain or at first hand, as<br />
opposed to action at a distance, possible, but also accounts for the propagation of sound, the magnetic field, and<br />
the electric waves of wireless telegraphy.<br />
Faraday was the first to indicate the true nature of the magnetic field, and to estabhsh the doctrine of<br />
strain or immediate action as opposed to gravitation or action at a distance.<br />
Magnetism had been known from the time of Thales {circa 600 B.C.), and it was a common experiment in all<br />
physical laboratories to show that pieces of amber or sticks of seahng-wax, if briskly rubbed with a silk hand-<br />
kerchief or chamois skin, attracted Ught substances such as hairs, small pieces of cork, &c.<br />
The nature of the attraction was, however, a mystery ; the magnetic field was not understood, neither was<br />
the relation between magnetism and electricity fully made out. The existence of electric currents, while suspected,<br />
had not been demonstrated. Benjamin Frankhn by means of his kite and moist string drew lightning from the<br />
thunder-cloud, and Galvani and his assistant observed that the muscles of frogs suspended by wires were made to<br />
twitch during thunder-storms. There was evidently a connection, a something in common, in all these phenomena.<br />
The presence of ether, or a continuous inter-stellar substance occupying all space, furnished the key wherewith<br />
to unlock the secrets of the new discoveries.<br />
Matter had long been regarded as indestructible, and the question arose as to whether matter and force were<br />
separate and distinct entities or were associated, and, if associated, whether they were always associated or only<br />
occasionally. Modern research proved that force inheres in matter, and is exerted by it either as strain (action<br />
1 While the theory of an all-prevailing ether had been broached before Young's day, it may be said to have been established by him and<br />
Fresnel. o .<br />
VOL.<br />
2 A<br />
I.