Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMALS 231<br />
have been recently brought to Ught, the evidence has been daily strengthened of continued changes of level effected<br />
by violent convulsions in countries where earthquakes are frequent. There the rocks are rent from time to time,<br />
and heaved up or thrown down several feet at once, and disturbed in such a manner as to show how entirely the<br />
original position of strata may be modified in the course of centuries.<br />
It is not necessary for me to take up in detail the physical geography of the crust of the earth in geologic and<br />
recent times. It will suffice to furnish the reader with a table or chart (Fig. 44) in which the several rock strata<br />
of the earth's crust are given, in which the comparative thicknesses of the strata are indicated, and in which are<br />
located the fossil and other animals in the order of their appearance. Such a table supphes invaluable information<br />
in many directions, but unfortunately it conveys no idea of absolute time in relation to comparative time. The<br />
standard or unit of time has yet to be discovered. The thickness of the various rock strata affords no rehable clue.<br />
If the thiclcness of one stratum be ten times that of another stratum, one is tempted to conclude that the thicker<br />
stratum is ten times the age of the thinner one. This could only be true if the rate of deposit was uniform, which<br />
it never is. The rate of deposit of the stratum only partly determines the time taken in its formation : the<br />
thiclaiess of the stratum and the time of deposit become comparative questions. The same reasoning apphes to<br />
ever5rthing contained in the strata. While the simpler animals are found deepest in the earth's crust, and were<br />
the first to be created, there is nothing to show absolutely how long the several animals existed on the earth.<br />
A study of the table referred to will satisfactorily illustrate my meaning.<br />
The time involved in the various creative acts is inconceivably great, and a practically unknown quantity.<br />
The heavenly bodies, our planet, and its atmosphere had to be prepared before plants and animals could<br />
exist. The plants and animals, moreover, had to be specially constructed to meet the exigencies of the earth,<br />
and its climate at different periods. Geology shows that the plants and animals of successive periods were<br />
specially adapted to the peculiar ptysical conditions of the period, and were perfect in their day and generation.<br />
There were the plants and animals forming the coal-measures ; the great conifers and tree ferns ; ^ the ganoid and<br />
old world fishes, the huge reptiles, the monster mammals, &c., all indicating and chronicUng bygone eras.<br />
Not only were the plants and animals as a whole adapted to the earth as a whole at a particular period, but<br />
a portion of the plants and animals were adapted to particular parts of the earth at different periods. The earth,<br />
its atmosphere, and its chmate have changed and are changing ; a state of matters which accounts for regions<br />
which were once tropical, and contained tropical plants and animals, being now temperate or arctic, and containing<br />
corresponding flora and fauna. The distribution of plants and animals on the earth is not an accidental or chance<br />
distribution. The organic formations kept and keep pace with the physical changes of our planet ; the organic<br />
and inorganic kingdoms being, as explained, mutually adapted and correlated. When the continents and climate<br />
changed, the plants and animals changed also. " The number of reptilian remains, all apparently of the cretaceous<br />
age, is truly surprising ; more than ten species of Pliosaurus, one of Dinosaurus, eight of Chelonian, besides other<br />
forms, having been recognised. . . . The<br />
Aix-la-Chapelle (fossil) plants flourished before the rich reptihan fauna<br />
of the secondary rocks had ceased to exist. The Ichthyosaurus, Pterodactyl, and Mosasaurus were of coeval<br />
date with the oak, the walnut, and the fig." ^<br />
If there is one thing more certain than another it is that the inorganic and organic kingdoms, as we know<br />
them, are mutually interdependent, and that they are always and everywhere complementary. The geological<br />
record affords conclusive proof that the one is an addition to, and, in a sense, an outcome or extension of the other,<br />
and that both are parts of a great whole. At one period of the earth's history neither plant nor animal existed.<br />
The earth had to be prepared as a habitation for them, and when a fitting habitation was provided, then, and not<br />
till then, did they make their appearance ; the plants coming first, and animals afterwards. The plants and<br />
the more simple ones preceding the more complex up<br />
animals, moreover, appeared in a certain graduated order ;<br />
to a point which, when reached, enabled the simple and the complex to exist side by side, as at the present day.<br />
§ 40. The Simple and Complex Plants and Animals necessary to each Other.<br />
While geology points to the production of the lower plant and animal forms before the higher, this fact (if<br />
fact it be) ^ does not indicate imperfection or want of power in the Creator. With Him all things are possible.<br />
In other words. He could with equal faciUty produce a monad or a man. The geologic record of the future may<br />
1 Professor Goppert, after examining the fossil vegetables of the coal-fields of Germany, has detected, in beds of pure coal, remains of plants<br />
of every family hitherto known to occur fossil in the carboniferous rocks. Many seams, he remarks, are rich in htgillm-iee, Lepidodendra, and<br />
Stigmarim; the latter in such abundance as to appear to form the bulk of the coal. In some places, almost all the plants were calamites, m<br />
others ferns. (Sir Charles Lyell's " Elements of Geology." London, 1871.)<br />
!" Lyell, op. cit. pp. 275, 280. ,,„,., ., -u-i-^ c- ^ ^<br />
» Some scientists are of opinion that the geologic record is so imperfect as not to be reliable. There is however, the possibility of important<br />
fossiliferons strata being destroyed by igneous and other action at successive periods during the formation of the crust of the earth.