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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY) 331<br />
Similar remarks, but in a modified sense, apply to the involuntary hollow muscles, such as the heart, oesophagus,<br />
stomach, rectum, bladder, uterus, &c.<br />
In these there is a distinct double power of opening and closing, these movements being spontaneous and<br />
independent of each other.<br />
By ascribing to the sarcous elements of muscles, and the muscles themselves, a double power, namely, a<br />
centrifugal and a centripetal power, whereby they can close, contract, and shorten on the one hand, and open, expand,<br />
and elongate on the other, all the difficulties connected with muscular action are obviated. The subject is further<br />
elucidated by regarding the closing or centripetal and the opening or centrifugal movements as both vital in their<br />
nature, as we in this way get rid to a large extent of elasticity as a supposed prominent and necessary factor in<br />
muscular movements. By investing the sarcous elements of muscles with the double power in question we assimilate<br />
their movements to those witnessed in protoplasm, in white blood-corpuscles, in amoebee, pseudopodia, &c. We,<br />
in fact, invest muscle with a certain degree of pushing or aggressive power which is fundamental in all vital move-<br />
ments. Animals directly or indirectly advance and throw themselves upon their prey, and the centrifugal advancing<br />
power is, in some senses, more important than the centripetal or retreating power. Even plants are aggressive as<br />
far as the search for food is concerned. The roots, branches, and leaves continue to advance so long as plants<br />
grow. Whenever advance and growth cease, and a condition of stasis sets in, the plant is on the high road to<br />
decay. Plants, hke animals, possess a centrifugal and a centripetal power ; the former enabhng the plant to seize<br />
the elements required for food, and the latter enabhng it to draw in the elements necessary as food into its interior,<br />
where they are assimilated.<br />
All cell growth and transformation are the result of atomic and molecular motion, and as cells reproduce<br />
themselves endogenously, exogenously, fissiparously, and gemmiparously, the movements are at once extensive and<br />
varied.<br />
The elaboration of cells into tissues hkewise necessitates movements. Further, the various processes in plants<br />
and in animals, such as digestion, assimilation, secretion, excretion, muscular and nerve action, &c., are the outcome<br />
of movements. The Hving plant and animal, the simplest and the most complex, are fundamentally moving masses<br />
of sentient protoplasm, and it is only by studying protoplasm and protoplasmic formations and movements that we<br />
can hope to get a real insight into the economy of plants and animals in their entirety.<br />
If we could peer into the interior of a plant or an animal, and our eyes were equal to the occasion, an unparal-<br />
lelled scene of activity would meet our gaze ; gases, fluids, semi-solids, and solids all hurrying hither and thither in<br />
the most complex and bewildering manner, yet all according to law and order. Indeed all the most wonderful,<br />
if not the most beautiful, parts of plants and animals, are concealed by non-transparent tissues and integuments.<br />
Electricians are sanguine enough to believe that at no very distant day a light, sufficiently powerful, will be<br />
devised to make all living bodies diaphanous. Should that day ever come, biology and physiology will enter on<br />
a new era. Then we shall see face to face, and not through a glass darkly, as at present. The discovery of Rontgen<br />
rays is a step in the direction indicated, and already the bones can be photographed within the muscular cycles<br />
which actuate them. By these means also foreign substances, which have gained surreptitious entrance into the<br />
body, can be detected.<br />
The movements of transparent living matter are of the utmost consequence in biology and physiology, and<br />
this fact invests the study of transparent rudimentary plant and animal forms with ever-increasing interest.<br />
The simplest plants known are the unicellular plants, of which the yeast and snow plants are examples. These<br />
low rudimentary forms are perfect in their way. They live, grow, and reproduce themselves with as much certainty<br />
as the higher forms. They are literally foci of force and movement.<br />
Many of the spores of plants move, some by means of cilia, some by flagella, and some in virtue of their spiral<br />
shape. It not unfrequently happens that the young of plants move freely about until they find a suitable habitat,<br />
when they cast anchor, develop roots, and fix themselves. Similar remarks are to be made of animals—sponges, for<br />
example. The sensitive and insectivorous plants, though fixed, are continuously in motion, and so of many fixed<br />
animals.<br />
Plants circulate their nutritious juices ; they respire ; they secrete and excrete ; they grow and reproduce<br />
themselves ; they move in all their parts. Plants close and open their leaves and the stomata contained in the<br />
leaves ; they are more active during the day than during the night, and in summer than in winter. The stem<br />
grows in length and in breadth ; the roots shoot downwards and outwards ; the branches upwards and outwards ;<br />
and the leaves in a great variety of directions. The stems, roots, branches, and leaves often move in a spiral<br />
manner. They perform movements of gyration, circumnutation, &c.<br />
The movements of animal protoplasm are, if possible, more interesting than those of vegetable protoplasm.<br />
Some authors maintain that vegetable and animal protoplasm are not only similar but identical. This