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2l6 DESIGN IN NATURE It is no easy matter to deal satisfactorily with the organs of locomotion as apart from a First Cause, Law, Order, and Design. Given these, there is no difficulty. The subject resolves itself into cause and effect, and tne ends attained are always explained by the means employed. The modifications in the fore arm, &c., of the ox, horse, and swan are given at Plate Ixxvi. This plate gives comparative views, and shows the modifications, more especially m the tore arm, wrih,^, hand^L'phalanges, of L ox, horse, and wing of the bird. In the ox, the fore arm 1^- *- /fJ.f^j with two hoofs. In the horse the fore arm has only one digit and one powerful hoof. In the wing of the bird ^ bones of the hand and fingers are mixed up and soldered together to give additional strength for supporting tne Dones oi we n
THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 217 bird, to say nothing of similar modifications on a large scale in the vertebrate series, where the toes range from five as a maximum to one as a minimum. Nor must it be forgotten that in certain sea mammals, such as the dugong, manatee, porpoise, and whale, not only the toes, but also the limbs, especially the posterior ones, entirely disappear. If the dropping of toes proves anything, it proves the existence of type in limbs (as in other parts), where enough remains to show its origin and general relations, and connections of the parts to each other. The dropping has certainly nothing whatever to do with consanguinity and descent, or with evolution. The object in view in the modification of limbs and other parts of animals is to make the modified parts more perfect for the performance of some special work. The massive single toe of the horse, armed with a strong hoof, is the best possible for dealing with the hard, unyielding earth in walking and running ; the wing of the flying bird, with its fingers soldered together and its covering of fleecy elastic feathers, being the best conceivable for deaUng with the soft, yielding air in flight. In all this there is the most convincing proof of a First Cause and Design. The instrument is specially created to perform specific work on the most approved mechanical principles—the means and the ends being always found side by side. No effect, great or small, is produced apart from an adequate cause. This argues pre -determination, law, and order in infinite variety. It would be a singular circumstance if the limbs of the horse were modelled in a way no other limbs are. As a matter of fact, the fore limbs of the horse are less modified than the wings of the bird. It will be seen that a by no means strong case has been made out for evolution and the descent of the modern horse from a five-toed extinct mammal. Perhaps even less can be said when the teeth of the horse and its supposed ancestors form the fulcra of the argument. It was noticed that the crowns of the molar or grinding teeth of the existing horse had a complicated pattern, and immediately palaeontologists set about finding similar teeth in mammals, ancient and modern ; the mammals in question having toes ranging from five to one. Of course it must not be overlooked that the modern horse and its supposed ancient ancestors are not the only mammals whose molar teeth exhibit comphcated patterns. The modifications in the toes and teeth of the horse when the mammalian series is regarded as a whole can scarcely be said to amount even to peculiarities, and assuredly do not justify the outstanding position claimed for them by evolutionists and by those who have a fixed idea that the horse is descended from a five-toed mammal. The supposed relation of birds to reptiles based on the posses- sion by both of teeth, and peculiarities in the pelvis and fore limbs, is, to a large extent, fanciful, and can scarcely be seriously entertained. The closer the subject is examined the less satisfactory it becomes. A certain amount of detail regarding the configuration, modification and uses, especially of limbs, is necessary at this stage. THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS TO BE REGARDED AS ORIGINAL STRUCTURES The wings of birds in no respect resemble the fore legs of reptiles as a class. They are structures specially modified to navigate the air. The hmbs and the hands and feet of birds vary infinitely, but in every case they are means to ends. Thus there are running, swimming, diving, and flying birds. The ancient dodo had no wings : the same is true of the modem apteryx. Wingless birds can only walk and run. The ostriches and emus have small, short wings useless for flight, and long legs, which make them excellent runners ; the penguins have small, flexible, featherless wings, which enable them to dive and to fly in, but not out of, the water—they have also webbed swimming feet. The majority of birds have large wings provided with primary, secondary, and tertiary feathers, by the aid of which they fly in the air. Some birds, such as the ducks, can walk, swim, dive, and fly by turns. The travelling organs of birds are designed and adapted structures. They are in no sense to be regarded as haphazard developments : neither are they to be regarded as evolutions as apart from design and a pre- determined plan. Modifications in the travelhng organs required for the purposes of progression do not prove that the bird is descended from the reptile. Neither do similar modifications in the horse prove that that animal is descended from a five-toed mammal. There are modifications and peculiarities in the limbs of birds and horses, and there is gradation, but this is all that can be said. As a matter of fact, the modifications in the wings, legs, and feet of birds show as great a variety of structure as is found between birds and reptiles themselves ; but the modifications afford proofs of adaptation and design in the traveUing organs, and do not support a blind evolution which ignores a First Cause and refers the modifications to chance as apart from Design. Similar remarks are to be they are not made of the Hmbs and feet of horses. They afford examples of special developments for a purpose : mere purposeless, bUnd adaptations, as evolutionists would have us beUeve. In the case of the hands and feet of VOL. I. 2" E -
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
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INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
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INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
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INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
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DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
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STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
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ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
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VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
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ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
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Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
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SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
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CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
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RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
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1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
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§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Moveme
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VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
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VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
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HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
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CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
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RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
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LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
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VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
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TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
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j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
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vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
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RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
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CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
Page 203 and 204: ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
Page 219 and 220: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
Page 221 and 222: THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
Page 223 and 224: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
Page 225 and 226: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
Page 227 and 228: NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
Page 229 and 230: INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
Page 231 and 232: MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
Page 233 and 234: Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
Page 235 and 236: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 237 and 238: HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
Page 239 and 240: MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
Page 241 and 242: PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
Page 253: PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
Page 257 and 258: THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
Page 259 and 260: TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
Page 261 and 262: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 263 and 264: KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
Page 265 and 266: SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
Page 267 and 268: GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
Page 269 and 270: SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
Page 271 and 272: PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
Page 273 and 274: EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
Page 275 and 276: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 277 and 278: THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
Page 279 and 280: ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
Page 281 and 282: INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
Page 283 and 284: INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
Page 285 and 286: EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
Page 287 and 288: RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 289 and 290: RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
Page 291 and 292: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
Page 293 and 294: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
Page 295 and 296: THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
Page 297 and 298: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
Page 299 and 300: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
Page 301 and 302: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
Page 303 and 304: NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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