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46 Fig. 4, DESIGN IN NATURE PLATE XXVIII Fig. 6.
§ 9. Dendritic or Branching Movement in Electrical Discharge— Dendritic Formations in Crystals, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS 47 Plants, Animals, &c. Having shown how very intimate the connection is as between crystals, plants, and animals in the matter of radiating, concentric, and spiral arrangements, and having further shown that spiral arrangements exist on a grand scale in the physical universe, I now proceed to demonstrate that dendritic or branching arrangements also exist in crystals, in plants, and animals, and in the physical universe. My contention here is that there is an inherent tendency in physical and vital forces to split up the matter (dead and living) on which they act ; the amount of sphtting increasing in proportion to the amount of resistance encountered, there being less resistance in ether than in common air, less in fluids than in solids, and so on. A river when it reaches the flat sands and mud of the estuary usually divides into two or more channels ; water forced through a hose on a dry pavement spreads, and so does water spilt upon the ground. In like manner the resistance experienced by the fluids permeating the body causes the fluids to split up, divide, and bifurcate, and this, it appears to me, has much to do with the dendritic or branching appearance presented by the blood-vessels, the coats or coverings of which are laid down where the nutritive and formative fluid first meanders. Force takes the line of least resistance in this as in other cases, and, as I have explained elsewhere, the vital and physical forces are, as a rule, not opposed to each other but work in unison. What is true of the blood-vessels is true of the lymphatics, nerves, and all structures where division and branching occurs. The division is, for the most part, longitudinal, but not unfrequently it is transverse, when it is known as segmentation. Division may, of course, take place as apart from obstruction in growing structures. When a formative agency is at work, as in growth and development, the direction and extent of the division or bifurcation is predetermined, and limits set. That a certain amount of resistance is experienced in many cases during development is shown by this, that at the points of bifurcation in growing structures there is generally a little increase in substance in sohds and a slight dilatation of the channel in tubes. The thickening and increase in question are seen to advantage in the venation of leaves, and the branching of blood-vessels (Plate xxxiii.. Figs. 1 and 3); the increase referred to is seen in the physical universe in electric sparks (Plate xxxi., Figs. 2 and 3, and Plate xxxii., Fig. 2) ; lightning flashes (Plate xxix., Figs. 1 and 2) ; and in branching structures generally (Plates xxxviii. and xxxix.). The vital force during development presses forward, as is well shown in the streaming or river-like advance of Plasmodium when feeding (Fig. 59, p. 302). In this case also there is increase where the living stream divides. The dendritic or branching arrangements in the inorganic and organic kingdoms are iUustrated by twenty-five plates, namely. Plates xxix. to Uv. inclusive. PLATE XXIX Plate xxix. illustrates radiating, branched, waved arrangement in lightning flashes. Fig. 1.—Ramified, waved lightning, photographed by J. Cruik. Sliows radiating, dendritic, tree-like shapes wholly nnlike the conventional zigzag lightning pourtrayed by artists. Resembles electric sparks (Plate xxxi.. Figs. 1, 2 and 3; Plate xxx., Fig. .3 ; Plate xxxii., Fig. 2) ; various crvstals (Plate ii.) ; dendrites (Plate xxxiv.. Figs. 1 and 2 ; Plate xxxv., Figs. 1 iind 4 Plate xxxvi.. Fig. 2) ; leaves and trees generally (Plate xxxiii., Fig. 3 ; Plate xlv.. Figs. 2 and 3) ; corals (Plate xxxv.. Fig. 5 ; Plate xxxvi.. Fig. 3) ; and parts of animals such as the bronchial tubes, blood-vessels, and other liraiiching structures (Plate xxxix., Figs. 1 to 9 inclusive). Fig. 2.—Ramified, waved lightning a.s seen at Sydney, New South Wales, photographed by H. C. Russell. Shows radiating, branching, dendritic, tree-like forms similar to those represented at Fig. 1 of this Plate. The description given under Fig. 1 applie.^* to this figure. Fig 3 —Photograph of electric spark where the terminals or discharging poles (positive and negative) are separated four inches. Similar photographs are seen at Plate xxx.. Figs. 1, 2, and 3. The descriptions given of these figures apply to this. Photographed for the Author by Mr. T. C. Gamlen. PLATE XXX Plate xxx. illustrates hnes of force, motion, and fight as revealed by electric sparks. Figs 1 and 2 —Electric sparks specially photographed for the Author by Mr. T. G. Gamlen of West Hartlepool. The sparks were taken in a dark room by the aid of a 10-inch induction coil with 12 volts on coil. Exposure a ciuavter of a second The terminal or discharging poles (positive and negative) were separated 2, 3, and 9 inches respectively. 1 he photographs have been reduced to suit the size of the page Show branching lines of force, motion, and light similar in many respects to tlie lightning flashes represented at Plate xxix., Figsf 1 and 2. The descriptions given of these figures may very properly be repented m the case ot the present ones. Fig 3 -Branching lines of force, motion, and light obtained as in Figs. 1 and 2 ; the terminals in this case being separated 9 inches' These resemble in a striking manner the branched lightning flashes represented at Plate xxix., Figs, 1 and 2, especially the latter. Photographed for the Author by Mr. T, G. Gamlen.
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A..2^ BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM T
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Tracing from nature of a mesial lin
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE PREFAC
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§ 36. The Travelling Organs in Rel
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CONTENTS xi Rhythmic Movements—An
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CONTENTS xiii THE MOVEMENTS AND FUN
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§§ . CONTENTS XV INTELLIGENCE OF
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CONTENTS xvii THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCU
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§ 420. The Flight of Birds divisib
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PREFACE The present work has attain
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INTRODUCTION The present work natur
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INTRODUCTION xxv cules being so arr
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTION xxvii is the ancient w
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTION xxix ments met with in
Page 37 and 38: INTRODUCTION xxxi organisms there i
Page 39 and 40: DESIGN IN NATURE INORGANIC AND ORGA
Page 41 and 42: STRAIGHT-LINE AND OTHER FORMATIONS
Page 43 and 44: ARRANGEMENTS COMMON TO CRYSTALS, PL
Page 49 and 50: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS 1
Page 51 and 52: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
Page 53 and 54: PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS P
Page 55 and 56: VOL. I PREVALENCE OF SPIRAL ARRANGE
Page 57 and 58: ORIGIN OF SPIRAL STRUCTURES 19 and
Page 59 and 60: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 21 |3
Page 61 and 62: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS 23 PL
Page 63 and 64: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN PLANTS PLATE
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 3. SPIRAL ARR'ANGEMENTS IN ANI
Page 67 and 68: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 29 P
Page 69 and 70: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS PLAT
Page 71 and 72: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS 33 P
Page 73 and 74: SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN ANIMALS Fir.
Page 75 and 76: CBERJtAU, SPIRAL ARRANGEMENTS IN AN
Page 77 and 78: RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC ARRANGEMEN
Page 83: 1''IG. 1. RADIATING AND CONCENTRIC
Page 87 and 88: VOL. I, DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 89 and 90: DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRANGEMENTS
Page 95 and 96: VOL. I. DENDRITIC OR BRANCHING ARRA
Page 97 and 98: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 99 and 100: BRANCHING AND RADIATING ARRANGEMENT
Page 101 and 102: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES AND SEGMENTATI
Page 103 and 104: HEXAGONAL STRUCTURES 65 Fig. 20.—
Page 105 and 106: CLEAVAGE AND SEGMENTATION 67 PLATE
Page 107 and 108: LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
Page 109 and 110: CONVOLUTIONS IN HARD AND SOFT PARTS
Page 111 and 112: RADIATING AND BRANCHING ARRANGEMENT
Page 113 and 114: LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE CLEAVAG
Page 115 and 116: LONGITUDINAL, RADIATING, AND TRANSV
Page 119 and 120: VOL. I. LONGITUDINAL AND RADIATING
Page 123 and 124: TRAVELLING ORGANS FOR LAND, WATER,
Page 125 and 126: j^-«i Fig, S. FiG. Fig. 10. FIGURE
Page 127 and 128: vol.. I, RECAPITULATION 89 PLATE LI
Page 129 and 130: RECAPITULATION 91 The same thing, w
Page 131 and 132: ATOMS AND MOLECULES 93 some anthrop
Page 133 and 134: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 95 secretion
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THE REPRODUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PLANTS
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SPIRAL STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENTS IN
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ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN DEAD AND LIV
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UNITY OF PLAN IN NATURE 103 arrange
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force is so feeble that the chain o
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FIG. nG.4 FIG. 5 m^0'^i^ FIG. 6 FIG
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•'•'•;.v':^Hv'i4t^ ''•',>;'
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THE BAR-MAGNET iii number as polar
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THE COMPASS 113 of gelatine and pla
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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MAGNETISM, ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ATMOSPHERIC AND OTHER ELECTRICITY 1
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ANIMAL MAGNETISM 123 the electric o
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LINES OF COMMUNICATION AND FORCE 12
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A BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig.
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BEGINNINGS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 135 So
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VOL I. ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS
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ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS FACT
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a' ATOMS, MOLECULES, AND CELLS AS F
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN REPRODUCTIVE
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EVIDENCES OF DESIGN IN. REPRODUCTIV
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ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL F
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD i8i
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THE VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE WORLD 183
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 185 " To obtai
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 187 in action
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NEW THEORY OF MATTER 189 the outset
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INTERACTION BETWEEN MENTAL AND MATE
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MATTER AND FORCE IN INORGANIC AND O
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Molybdenum THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR C
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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HAECKEL'S BELIEF IN THE OMNIPOTENCE
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MECHANICAL VIEWS OF KANT AND LAPLAC
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PROFESSOR HUXLEY'S VIEWS ON EVOLUTI
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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THE TRAVELLING ORGANS OF ANIMALS 21
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TRAVELLING ORGANS IN RELATION TO EN
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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KANT'S AND SPENCER'S VIEWS OF MATTE
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SCRIPTURAL ACCOUNT OF CREATION 227
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GEOLOGY AS BEARING ON CREATION 229
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SIMPLE AND COMPLEX PLANTS AND ANIMA
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PLANTS AND ANIMALS IMPROVABLE UP TO
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EVERYTHING CONTROLLED AND UNDER SUP
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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THE UNIVERSE AS A WORKING SYSTEM 23
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ENVIRONMENT 241 To take other examp
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INSTINCT 243 advance in plants and
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INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE 245 custo
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EFFECT OF COSMIC CHANGES ON PLANTS
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN PLANTS AND AN
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 253 the invo
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 255 From the
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THE MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS 257 performe
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 259 perfo
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 261 movem
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 263 forci
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 265 and t
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NERVE REFLEXES IN ANIMALS 267 taneo
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 269 their parts, u
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RHYTHMIC MUSCLES 271 That nerves in
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RESPIRATORY RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS IN A
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS IN ANIMALS AND I
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIR
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NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISN OF RESPIR
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THE MYCETOZOA 305 great variety ; i
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Pig. 62 (continued)— B. Gonooocci
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THE MYCETOZOA H PLATE LXXX Fifi. 1.
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Fig. 5, THE MYCETOZOA PLATE LXXXI F
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMCEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMOEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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PROTOPLASMIC, AMGEBIC, AND OTHER MO
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MUSCULAR ACTION (VOLUNTARY AND INVO
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AMCEBA PROTEUS 333 The amcsba draws
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PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM 335 movements a
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GROMIA 337 spicules, &c. Similar va
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GROMIA 339 the very border line as
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GROMIA 34^ can be no doubt whatever
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GROMIA 343 The barramunda is credit
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ANIMALS ADAPTED FOR AIR AND WATER B
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A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO
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DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO D
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DESIGN A PROMINENT FACTOR IN NATURE
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DESIGN IN THE REPRODUCTION AND GROW
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COMPOSITION OF THE HUMAN OVUM -i^jj
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§ 74. Fertilisation of the Ovum. F
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 381 (d) T
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM PLATE LXX
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FERTILISATION OF THE OVUM 385 PLATE
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DIVISION OF THE IMPREGNATED OVUM 3^
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DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO AND
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN AND VESSEL
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PLACENTAL AND FCETAL CIRCULATION 39
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SUCCESSIVE CHANGES WITNESSED IN THE
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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TRANSITION LINKS IN RELATION TO TYP
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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CHANGES IN, AND PECULIARITIES OF, T
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DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD, &c., IN MAN A
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DESIGN IN MIGRATION OF BIRDS AND OT
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DESIGN IN THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRI
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DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN WINGED SEEDS
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RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN WINGED SEEDS A
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