Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice of having more than one wife) has implications for the frequency of exposure to sexual activity and, therefore, fertility. The extent of polygyny is ascertained from responses of currently married women to questions on whether their husband or partner has other wives and, if so, how many. Similarly, currently married men were asked for the number of wives they have. Table 6.2 presents, by background characteristics, the proportion of currently married women age 15-49 who are in a polygynous union. Data from the 2009-10 TLDHS show that about 2 percent of currently married women are in a polygynous union; that is, they have co-wives. The data further indicate that women in the youngest age group (15-19) and older women (40-49) are more likely to be in polygynous unions than women age 20-39. For example, about 3 percent of women age 45-49 are in a polygynous union compared with 1 percent of women age 20-24. 80 | Other Proximate Determinants of Fertility Table 6.2 Number of co-wives and wives Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with co-wives and percentage of currently married men age 15-49 with two or more wives, according to background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Percentage with co-wives Women Men Number of women Percentage with 2+ wives Number of men Age 15-19 2.4 243 * 4 20-24 1.2 1,100 0.0 125 25-29 1.5 1,516 0.0 359 30-34 2.1 1,362 0.6 368 35-39 1.9 1,514 1.3 492 40-44 2.6 1,211 0.9 433 45-49 Residence 2.9 960 2.0 378 Urban 1.4 2,025 0.8 567 Rural District 2.2 5,881 1.0 1,592 Aileu 0.5 299 0.0 92 Ainaro 1.1 382 0.0 101 Baucau 1.6 852 1.3 237 Bobonaro 2.0 739 0.8 170 Covalima 3.9 458 0.0 123 Dili 0.7 1,459 0.9 416 Ermera 3.2 881 1.3 233 Lautem 6.6 541 2.8 163 Liquiçá 1.5 460 0.0 124 Manatuto 0.5 353 0.0 96 Manufahi 1.5 319 0.0 77 Oecussi 0.7 603 0.0 165 Viqueque Education 2.7 559 2.8 159 No education 2.9 2,909 2.1 523 Primary 1.7 2,027 0.8 650 Secondary 1.4 2,739 0.4 853 More than secondary Wealth quintile 0.0 231 0.8 132 Lowest 2.7 1,467 0.8 413 Second 1.8 1,487 0.0 408 Middle 2.6 1,559 2.1 411 Fourth 2.0 1,571 1.9 447 Highest 1.1 1,821 0.0 479 Total 2.0 7,906 0.9 2,158 Note: An asterisk indicates that a figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases and has been suppressed.
Data by place of residence show only small differences. Polygyny ranges from a low of less than 1 percent among women living in Manatuto and Aileu to a high of 7 percent among women who live in Lautem. There is an inverse relationship between education and polygyny, with the proportion of women in a polygynous union decreasing from 3 percent among women with no education to zero among women with more than secondary education. Differences in the prevalence of polygyny among women in different wealth quintiles are not large. Table 6.2 also shows the percentage of currently married men 15-49 with two or more wives, according to background characteristics. The data indicate that less than 1 percent of men report having two or more wives, with polygyny higher among older men, among men living in Viqueque and Lautem, and among men with no education. 6.3 AGE AT FIRST MARRIAGE Marriage marks the point in a woman’s life when childbearing becomes socially acceptable. Age at first marriage has a major effect on childbearing because women who marry early have, on average, a longer period of exposure to the risk of becoming pregnant and a greater number of lifetime births. Information on age at first marriage was obtained by asking respondents the month and year, or age, at which they started living with their first husband or wife. Table 6.3 shows the percentage of women and men who have married by specific ages, according to current age. Marriage occurs relatively early in Timor-Leste: among women age 25-49, 24 percent are married by age 18, 42 percent are married by age 20, 59 percent are married by age 22, and 77 percent are married by age 25. The median age at (first) marriage among women age 25-49 is Table 6.3 Age at first marriage Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who were first married by specific exact ages and median age at first marriage, according to current age, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Percentage never married Number Median age at first marriage Percentage first married by exact age: Current age 15 18 20 22 WOMEN 25 15-19 1.4 na na na na 91.8 3,144 a 20-24 3.0 18.9 35.3 na na 51.0 2,343 a 25-29 3.6 24.2 44.2 60.7 78.1 16.6 1,897 20.6 30-34 6.3 25.8 46.6 64.4 81.3 6.7 1,534 20.4 35-39 5.0 23.7 41.4 59.3 77.1 5.1 1,684 20.9 40-44 7.2 26.8 42.4 57.8 76.2 4.0 1,388 21.0 45-49 4.8 20.1 34.6 50.3 69.3 3.2 1,146 22.0 20-49 4.8 23.0 40.6 na na 17.9 9,993 a 25-49 5.3 24.3 42.3 59.0 MEN 76.8 7.8 7,650 20.9 15-19 0.0 na na na na 99.6 994 a 20-24 0.0 3.2 9.7 na na 80.1 643 a 25-29 0.0 3.8 12.8 25.5 50.1 37.8 586 25.0 30-34 0.0 5.3 13.5 27.5 50.7 15.2 439 24.9 35-39 0.0 6.2 14.4 25.7 50.7 8.8 553 24.9 40-44 0.0 4.0 12.3 23.9 46.2 3.5 462 25.4 45-49 0.0 4.3 12.8 23.1 43.1 1.8 400 26.2 20-49 0.0 4.4 12.5 na na 28.4 3,082 a 25-49 0.0 4.7 13.2 25.2 48.5 14.8 2,440 a 30-49 0.0 5.0 13.3 25.1 47.9 7.5 1,854 25.3 Note: The age at first marriage is defined as the age at which the respondent began living with her/his first spouse/partner na = Not applicable due to censoring a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women married for the first time before reaching the beginning of the age group Other Proximate Determinants of Fertility | 81
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
Page 63 and 64: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
Page 73 and 74: 3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
Page 75 and 76: 3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
Page 77 and 78: Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
Page 81 and 82: FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
Page 83 and 84: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 85 and 86: calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
Page 87 and 88: of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
Page 89 and 90: Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
Page 91 and 92: FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
Page 93 and 94: According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
Page 95 and 96: Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
Page 97 and 98: Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
Page 99 and 100: Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
Page 101 and 102: Use increases with parity but with
Page 103 and 104: Female and male sterilizations are
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
Page 107 and 108: Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
Page 109: Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
Page 114 and 115: 20.9 years. Although the proportion
Page 116 and 117: 84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
Page 118 and 119: Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 120 and 121: There is little difference in the p
Page 122 and 123: 2 percent among women age 30-34 to
Page 124 and 125: 92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
Page 126 and 127: 94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
Page 128 and 129: 96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
Page 130 and 131: 98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
Page 132 and 133: with their death, or they may live
Page 134 and 135: 100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
Page 136 and 137: 104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
Page 138 and 139: 8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
Page 141 and 142: ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
Page 143 and 144: 9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
Page 145 and 146: MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
Page 147 and 148: among women in the lowest wealth qu
Page 149 and 150: A much lower percentage of Timorese
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 153 and 154: 10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
Page 155 and 156: Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 157 and 158: Table 10.10 Application of material
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
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12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
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MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
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13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
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Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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The highest prevalence of fever is
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
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percent of women and 61 percent of
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person who has AIDS or by sharing c
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Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
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Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
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14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
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In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
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100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
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14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
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To assess the extent of condom use
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
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Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
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Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
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15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
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Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
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Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
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Women’s empowerment is closely as
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Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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pathways: its negative association
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
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Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Among women who have never been mar
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who experienced sexual violence fir
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Domestic violence is not limited to
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Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
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Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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