Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having anemia, by background characteristics. Nearly two in five (38 percent) Timorese children age 6-59 months old are anemic, with 25 percent mildly anemic, 13 percent moderately anemic, and less than 1 percent severely anemic. It is noteworthy that children 36 months and older are less likely to be anemic than younger children. Rural children (39 percent) are slightly more likely to have anemia than urban children (33 percent). Children in Manatuto district have the highest prevalence of anemia (68 percent), and children in Ermera district have the lowest prevalence (15 percent). There is no consistent pattern between prevalence of anemia and mother’s education or sex of the child. Children in the highest wealth quintile are less likely to have anemia (34 percent) compared with children in the lowest wealth quintile (41 percent). The levels of childhood anemia as reported in DHS 2003 show 32 percent of children are anemic, indicating minimal improvement over the years. 12.8 MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE AMONG CHILDREN Micronutrient deficiency has serious consequences for childhood morbidity and mortality. Children can receive micronutrients from foods, fortified foods, and direct supplementation. Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient for the immune system. Severe vitamin A deficiency (VAD) can cause eye damage. VAD can also increase the severity of infections, such as measles and diarrheal diseases in children, and can slow recovery from illness. Vitamin A is found in breast milk, other milks, liver, eggs, fish, butter, red palm oil, mangoes, papayas, carrots, pumpkins, and dark green leafy vegetables. The liver can store enough vitamin A for four to six months. The 2009-10 TLDHS collected information on the consumption of vitamin A-rich foods and supplements. Table 12.8 shows the intake of several key micronutrients among children. Nearly fourfifths (79 percent) of last-born children age 6-35 months consumed vitamin A-rich foods in the 24hour period before the survey. Consumption of vitamin A-rich foods increases from 38 percent among children age 6-8 months to 93 percent among children age 24-35 months. There is no difference by sex in the consumption of vitamin A-rich foods. Breastfeeding children are much less likely to consume foods rich in vitamin A than nonbreastfeeding children. Urban children (87 percent) are more likely than rural children (77 percent) to consume vitamin A-rich foods. Children born to mothers with more than a secondary level of education are more likely to have received foods rich in vitamin A than children born to mothers with a primary education. Children of older mothers are somewhat more likely than their counterparts to receive vitamin A-rich foods. Children living in the wealthiest households are much more likely to consume vitamin A-rich foods than children living in other households. Fifty-two percent of young children consumed foods rich in iron during the 24 hours before the survey. Noticeable differences by background characteristics are also seen in the consumption of iron-rich foods by young children. Consumption of iron-rich foods peaks at 60 percent among children age 24-35 months and is slightly higher among nonbreastfeeding children, urban children, and children of mothers age 20 and older. Children living in the wealthiest households (76 percent) are much more likely to consume foods rich in iron than children living in households in the lowest two wealth quintiles (less than 40 percent). An important strategy for preventing vitamin A deficiency in Timor-Leste has been the distribution of vitamin A capsules through the Timor-Leste national immunization campaign, which has been in place since 2000. In addition to the campaigns, vitamin A supplements are also readily available and distributed at health facilities and integrated community health service (SISCa) posts. The campaigns cover all the districts in the country. During the distribution periods, children age 6-11 months receive 100,000 international units (IU), and children 12-59 months receive 200,000 IU of vitamin A. Children under 6 months are not covered because most children in this age group are breastfed and receive vitamin A through breast milk. Information on vitamin A and supplements is based on the mother’s recall. 162 | Nutrition of Children and Women
Table 12.8 Micronutrient intake and food supplementation among children Among youngest children age 6-35 months who are living with their mother, the percentages who consumed vitamin A-rich and iron-rich foods in the day or night preceding the survey, and among all children age 6-59 months, the percentages who were given vitamin A supplements in the 6 months preceding the survey, who were given iron supplements in the last seven days, who were given deworming medication in the 6 months preceding the survey, and who have ever received supplementary food, by background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Among youngest children age 6-35 months living with the mother: Among all children age 6-59 months: Percentage who consumed foods rich in vitamin A in last 24 hours 1 Percentage who consumed foods rich in iron in last 24 hours 2 Number of children Percentage given vitamin A supplements in last 6 months Percentage given iron supplements in last 7 days Percentage given deworming medication in last 6 months 3 Percentage ever given supplementary food Number of children Age in months 6-8 37.7 30.1 464 36.5 20.3 12.4 33.9 472 9-11 62.5 44.4 463 51.6 17.8 17.9 38.3 470 12-17 84.5 54.5 910 52.7 24.8 28.7 39.6 946 18-23 88.3 54.5 706 55.2 21.5 36.2 37.7 806 24-35 92.6 60.4 1,176 51.7 21.7 39.0 35.4 1,959 36-47 na na na 52.4 18.8 41.4 33.6 1,947 48-59 Sex na na na 48.2 16.2 38.9 30.4 1,745 Male 78.5 50.7 1,889 50.6 20.0 35.7 34.0 4,224 Female Breastfeeding status 79.8 53.6 1,829 50.8 19.8 35.1 35.4 4,121 Breastfeeding 68.6 45.5 1,950 51.2 22.0 22.8 40.7 2,025 Not breastfeeding Residence 91.0 59.4 1,760 50.7 19.2 39.7 33.1 6,239 Urban 86.8 69.5 906 50.5 26.9 40.3 15.4 2,037 Rural District 76.7 46.5 2,812 50.8 17.7 33.8 40.9 6,308 Aileu 81.3 42.4 124 70.4 20.7 46.8 36.6 296 Ainaro 53.7 20.1 216 19.8 9.2 7.3 26.2 485 Baucau 82.7 60.7 375 45.4 2.2 28.2 24.2 850 Bobonaro 81.4 53.9 354 55.7 37.2 43.4 61.8 779 Covalima 67.7 38.4 172 72.3 8.1 48.0 48.0 379 Dili 91.2 78.9 614 48.2 31.4 43.4 7.6 1,424 Ermera 70.7 31.6 443 37.7 16.0 22.8 38.1 1,031 Lautem 79.8 54.4 306 58.5 8.0 45.3 20.8 653 Liquiçá 87.7 54.4 210 61.6 35.0 38.0 54.0 488 Manatuto 81.1 63.6 167 76.9 41.4 64.4 49.6 371 Manufahi 91.7 73.3 150 40.0 12.9 37.7 55.0 332 Oecussi 69.5 37.9 314 65.6 9.4 35.5 76.4 657 Viqueque Mother’s education 80.7 42.5 273 38.0 20.3 15.1 3.8 599 No education 76.6 40.6 1,173 42.9 15.7 29.2 37.2 2,788 Primary 76.9 49.7 1,049 53.4 18.7 35.3 39.1 2,361 Secondary 82.6 61.9 1,405 55.6 23.1 40.3 30.2 3,009 More than secondary Mother’s age at birth 85.7 76.7 92 54.1 47.3 51.4 15.5 188 15-19 58.0 35.8 104 50.3 15.9 31.0 46.2 147 20-29 78.7 53.1 1,645 51.2 20.8 36.2 34.4 3,504 30-39 80.4 53.4 1,462 50.7 19.6 35.3 34.1 3,444 40-49 Wealth quintile 81.4 48.5 508 49.2 18.6 33.9 35.8 1,250 Lowest 74.0 39.8 788 43.8 10.7 27.5 38.3 1,759 Second 73.5 38.5 723 44.4 13.5 29.4 36.6 1,629 Middle 78.1 49.1 750 50.7 21.3 35.1 41.8 1,671 Fourth 82.4 57.7 730 56.6 25.0 39.0 36.7 1,646 Highest 88.4 76.3 727 58.5 29.7 46.6 19.7 1,641 Total 79.2 52.1 3,718 50.7 19.9 35.4 34.7 8,345 Note: Information on vitamin A and iron supplements and deworming medication is based on the mother’s recall and immunization card (where available). Total for youngest children age 6-35 months living with the mother includes 8 children with information missing on breastfeeding status. Total for all children 6-59 months includes 79 children with information missing on breastfeeding status. na = Not applicable 1 Includes meat (and organ meat), fish, poultry, eggs, pumpkin, squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, dark green leafy vegetables, mango, and papaya 2 Includes meat (including organ meat) 3 Deworming for intestinal parasites is commonly done for helminthes. One in two children (51 percent) age 6-59 months received a vitamin A supplement in the six months before the survey (Table 12.8). This is an improvement over the last five years; the 2003 DHS reported that 34 percent of children age 6-59 months had received vitamin A supplementation during Nutrition of Children and Women | 163
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
Page 143 and 144: 9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
Page 145 and 146: MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
Page 147 and 148: among women in the lowest wealth qu
Page 149 and 150: A much lower percentage of Timorese
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 153 and 154: 10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
Page 155 and 156: Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 157 and 158: Table 10.10 Application of material
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
Page 161 and 162: Where health services are present,
Page 163 and 164: CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
Page 165 and 166: In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
Page 167 and 168: Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
Page 169 and 170: The data indicate that two percent
Page 171 and 172: 11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
Page 173 and 174: Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
Page 175 and 176: Ten percent of children with diarrh
Page 177: There are marked differences in the
Page 180 and 181: international reference population
Page 182 and 183: 80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
Page 184 and 185: 60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
Page 186 and 187: Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
Page 188 and 189: 100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Page 190 and 191: Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
Page 192 and 193: Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
Page 196 and 197: the most recent distribution preced
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
Page 211 and 212: The highest prevalence of fever is
Page 213 and 214: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
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15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
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Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
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Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
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Women’s empowerment is closely as
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Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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pathways: its negative association
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
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Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Among women who have never been mar
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who experienced sexual violence fir
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Domestic violence is not limited to
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Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
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Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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