Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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52 | Fertility The percentage of women who reported being pregnant at the time of the survey is also presented in Table 4.2. This percentage may be underreported since women may not be aware of a pregnancy, especially at the very early stages, while some women who are early in their pregnancy may not want to reveal that they are pregnant. Seven percent of women were pregnant at the time of the survey. Urban women were more likely to be pregnant than rural women. Current pregnancy is highest in Manufahi and Lautem. The proportion of women currently pregnant varies by women’s education, but the pattern is unclear and is highest among women with more than secondary education. The percentage currently pregnant ranges from 6 percent among women in the highest wealth quintile to a high of 8 percent among women in the second wealth quintile. 4.3 FERTILITY TRENDS Trends in fertility over time can also be examined by comparing age-specific fertility rates from the TLDHS 2009-10 for successive five-year periods preceding the survey, as presented in Table 4.3. Because women age 50 and older were not interviewed in the survey, the rates for older age groups become progressively more truncated for periods more distant from the survey date. For example, rates cannot be calculated for women age 35-39 for the period 15 to 19 years before the survey because these women would have been over age 50 at the time of the survey and therefore not eligible to be interviewed. Table 4.3 Trends in age-specific fertility rates Age-specific fertility rates for five-year periods preceding the survey, by mother’s age at the time of the birth, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Mother’s age at birth Number of years preceding survey 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 15-19 54 75 80 85 20-24 224 271 251 226 25-29 284 313 295 273 30-34 257 294 270 [274] 35-39 200 230 [238] 40-44 97 [165] 45-49 [48] Note: Age-specific fertility rates are per 1,000 women. Estimates in brackets are truncated. Rates exclude the month of interview. Table 4.3 shows that the ASFRs in the 0 to 4 years before the survey for women age 20-34 (the peak childbearing years) are very similar to what they were in the 15 to 19 years before the survey and mirror somewhat the pattern seen in Table 4.2. The results also show that fertility over the past two decades has dropped uniformly only among women age 15-19 and 35-39. Among women age 20-24, fertility increased substantially from the period 15 to 19 years before the survey to the period 5 to 9 years before the survey, with the ASFR in the most recent five years similar to what it was two decades ago. A similar trend is seen among women age 25-29, with fertility in the most recent five-year period slightly higher than what it was two decades ago. An increase in fertility is also observed among women age 30-34 in the 5 to 9 years before the survey from the ASFR observed 10 to 14 years ago. The marked increase in fertility, particularly in the 5-9 years before the survey, which corresponds to the years 1999-2000 to 2003-04, can be attributed to the virtual collapse of the overall health system, and particularly the family planning program, following the struggle for independence from Indonesia and the ensuing chaos. Table 4.4 and Figure 4.2 compare fertility trends seen in the 2009-10 data with estimates obtained in earlier surveys conducted in the country. The TFR estimated from the 2003 DHS is 7.8 children per woman. It is unclear if this estimate is based on a denominator that adjusts for the fact that the survey only interviewed ever-married women. If it did not, then it is likely that the estimate of 7.8 may be higher than what it would have been, and the 2-child decline in fertility between the two surveys may in fact be less. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that the trend in ASFRs
calculated in the 2003 DHS follows closely the trend in the ASFRs found in the TLDHS and corroborates the findings of the spike in TFR in the period immediately following the withdrawal of Indonesia. The 2002 MICS survey provides an indirect measure of TFR at 7.4 children per woman in the 12 months preceding the survey. This is high compared with the 1997 IDHS, in which the TFR was estimated at 4.4 children per woman among all women. 10 8 6 4 2 0 Table 4.4 Trends in fertility Age-specific fertility rates (per 1,000 women) and total fertility rates (TFR), Timor- Leste 2009-10 Age group 2009-10 TLDHS (2007-2009) 2003 DHS a (2001-2003) 2002 MICS b (2001-2002) 1997 IDHS c (1995-1997) 15-19 51 78 80 u 20-24 221 322 319 u 25-29 276 362 355 u 30-34 254 329 290 u 35-39 197 260 245 u 40.44 89 138 118 u 45-49 47 66 68 u TFR 5.7 7.8 7.4 4.4 u = unavailable a MOH et al., 2004 p. 70 b UNICEF, 2003 p. 72. Based on indirect estimates for the 12 months preceding the survey. c CBS, NFPCB, MOH, and Macro International, 1998 p. 39. ASFRs for Timor- Leste are not published in this report. Figure 4.2 Trends in Total Fertility Rates 1995-2010 Children per woman 4.4 1995-1997 (1997 IDHS) 7.4 2001-2002 (2002 MICS) Survey 7.8 2001-2003 (2003 DHS) 5.7 2007-2009 (2009-10 TLDHS) Timor-Leste 2009-10 Many factors may have contributed to the decline in fertility in the most recent five-year period. The relative political stability following the 1999 and 2006 crises and the return of people from remote rural areas to semi-urban or urban areas may have exposed them to social and economic influences encouraging smaller families. Furthermore, exposure to family planning messages through the mass media, and wider and easier access to modern family planning methods not previously available in Timor-Leste may also have had an impact. Fertility | 53
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
Page 35 and 36: The government of Timor-Leste has l
Page 37 and 38: 1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
Page 39 and 40: 1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
Page 41: In these households, 13,796 women w
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.1 Household population by a
Page 46 and 47: The percentage of children not livi
Page 48 and 49: The Early Childhood Care and Educat
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
Page 52 and 53: The GAR at the primary school level
Page 54 and 55: ate (2 percent) than their rural co
Page 56 and 57: water. Thirty-six percent of househ
Page 58 and 59: The type of flooring material used
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
Page 63 and 64: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
Page 73 and 74: 3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
Page 75 and 76: 3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
Page 77 and 78: Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
Page 81 and 82: FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
Page 83: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 87 and 88: of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
Page 89 and 90: Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
Page 91 and 92: FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
Page 93 and 94: According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
Page 95 and 96: Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
Page 97 and 98: Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
Page 99 and 100: Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
Page 101 and 102: Use increases with parity but with
Page 103 and 104: Female and male sterilizations are
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
Page 107 and 108: Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
Page 109: Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
Page 112 and 113: 6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
Page 114 and 115: 20.9 years. Although the proportion
Page 116 and 117: 84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
Page 118 and 119: Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 120 and 121: There is little difference in the p
Page 122 and 123: 2 percent among women age 30-34 to
Page 124 and 125: 92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
Page 126 and 127: 94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
Page 128 and 129: 96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
Page 130 and 131: 98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
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12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
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MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
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13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
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Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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The highest prevalence of fever is
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
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percent of women and 61 percent of
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person who has AIDS or by sharing c
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Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
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Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
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14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
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In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
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100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
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14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
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To assess the extent of condom use
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
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Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
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Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
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15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
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Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
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Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
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Women’s empowerment is closely as
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Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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pathways: its negative association
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
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Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Among women who have never been mar
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who experienced sexual violence fir
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Domestic violence is not limited to
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Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
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Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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