Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Child Mortality 0 Deaths per 1,000 21 22 Figure 8.1 Mortality Trends 39 23 60 Neonatal Postneonatal Infant Child Under-five 45 23 2003 DHS 2009-10 TLDHS Note: Data for the neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality rates for the 2003 DHS are unadjusted. 8.4 SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN MORTALITY 20 83 64 Timor-Leste 2009-10 Child survival closely relates to socioeconomic and demographic characteristics such as residence, region, mother’s education, and household wealth status (quintile). These differentials are presented in Table 8.2. To minimize sampling errors associated with mortality estimates and to ensure a sufficient number of cases for statistical reliability, the mortality rates shown in Table 8.2 are calculated for a ten-year period. Mortality in rural areas is consistently higher than in urban areas. In the 10-year period before the survey, infant mortality in rural areas was 61 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared with 42 deaths per 1,000 live births in urban areas. The under-5 mortality rate during the same period was 87 deaths per 1,000 live births in rural areas and 61 deaths per 1,000 live births in urban areas. This variation between rural and urban settings may be because of poor access to health care, a weak communication system (road and transport, telecommunication), and frequent uses of harmful indigenous practices in the rural areas (MOH, 2002b; Zwi et al., 2009; HAI, 2005). The TLDHS 2009-10 data show wide variations in mortality by district. Under-5 mortality is lowest in Baucau (42 deaths per 1,000 live births) and highest in Ermera (102 deaths per 1,000 live births), with Liquiçá (101 per 1,000) following closely behind. Neonatal mortality is highest in Manufahi (44 per 1,000) and contributes to 51 percent of under-5 mortality in the district. Infant mortality varies from 30 deaths per 1,000 live births in Baucau to 77 per 1,000 in Ainaro.
Table 8.2 Early childhood mortality rates by socioeconomic characteristics Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-5 mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding the survey, by background characteristic, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Neonatal mortality (NN) Postneonatal mortality 1 (PNN) Infant mortality ( 1q 0) Child mortality ( 4q 1) Under-5 mortality ( 5q 0) Residence Urban 21 21 42 20 61 Rural District 28 33 61 28 87 Aileu 27 29 56 21 76 Ainaro 31 46 77 22 97 Baucau 11 18 30 12 42 Bobonaro 27 23 50 36 85 Covalima 37 38 76 21 95 Dili 21 18 39 22 60 Ermera 23 47 70 34 102 Lautem 36 33 69 31 98 Liquiçá 31 37 68 35 101 Manatuto 31 19 50 20 69 Manufahi 44 19 62 25 86 Oecussi 25 41 66 27 92 Viqueque Mother’s education 24 31 54 24 77 No education 27 34 61 31 90 Primary 27 32 59 27 84 Secondary 26 25 51 19 69 More than secondary Wealth quintile (9) (12) (21) * * Lowest 24 37 62 27 87 Second 30 38 68 28 94 Middle 29 30 59 32 89 Fourth 25 30 56 27 81 Highest 22 16 38 15 52 Note: Numbers in parentheses are based on 250-499 unweighted exposed persons; an asterisk indicates that a rate is based on fewer than 250 unweighted exposed persons and has been suppressed. 1 Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates As expected, a mother’s education is inversely related to a child’s risk of dying. Under-5 mortality among children of mothers with no education (90 deaths per 1,000 live births) is substantially higher than under-5 mortality among children of women with secondary level education (69 deaths per 1,000 live births). The direct association between level of education and under-5 mortality is also seen for infant mortality. Children of women with no education (61 deaths per 1,000 live births) are much more likely to die in the first year than children of women with secondary education (51 deaths per 1,000 live births).The relationship between household wealth and under-5 mortality is not always consistent, although children born to mothers in the highest wealth quintile clearly are at much lower risk of dying than children born to mothers in the other quintiles. 8.5 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CHILD MORTALITY Studies have shown that a number of demographic factors are strongly associated with the survival chances of young children. These factors include sex of child, age of mother at birth, birth order, length of preceding birth interval, and size of child at birth. Table 8.3 shows the relationship between childhood mortality and these demographic variables. Again, for all variables except birth size, mortality estimates are calculated for the 10-year period preceding the survey to reduce sampling variability. Mortality rates by birth size are for the five-year period preceding the survey because information on birth size was collected only for children born in the past five years. Childhood mortality is higher for males than females (Table 8.3) for all mortality rates. Under-5 mortality rates for male and female children are 85 and 76 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively. The excess mortality among male children is mostly due to their higher biological risk during the first month of life. Infant and Child Mortality | 103
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
Page 83 and 84: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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Page 89 and 90: Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
Page 91 and 92: FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
Page 93 and 94: According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
Page 95 and 96: Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
Page 97 and 98: Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
Page 99 and 100: Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
Page 101 and 102: Use increases with parity but with
Page 103 and 104: Female and male sterilizations are
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
Page 107 and 108: Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
Page 109: Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
Page 112 and 113: 6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
Page 114 and 115: 20.9 years. Although the proportion
Page 116 and 117: 84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
Page 118 and 119: Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 120 and 121: There is little difference in the p
Page 122 and 123: 2 percent among women age 30-34 to
Page 124 and 125: 92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
Page 126 and 127: 94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
Page 128 and 129: 96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
Page 130 and 131: 98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
Page 132 and 133: with their death, or they may live
Page 136 and 137: 104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
Page 138 and 139: 8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
Page 141 and 142: ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
Page 143 and 144: 9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
Page 145 and 146: MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
Page 147 and 148: among women in the lowest wealth qu
Page 149 and 150: A much lower percentage of Timorese
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 153 and 154: 10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
Page 155 and 156: Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 157 and 158: Table 10.10 Application of material
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
Page 161 and 162: Where health services are present,
Page 163 and 164: CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
Page 165 and 166: In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
Page 167 and 168: Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
Page 169 and 170: The data indicate that two percent
Page 171 and 172: 11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
Page 173 and 174: Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
Page 175 and 176: Ten percent of children with diarrh
Page 177: There are marked differences in the
Page 180 and 181: international reference population
Page 182 and 183: 80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
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12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
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MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
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13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
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Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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The highest prevalence of fever is
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
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percent of women and 61 percent of
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person who has AIDS or by sharing c
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Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
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Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
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14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
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In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
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100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
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14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
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To assess the extent of condom use
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
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Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
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Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
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15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
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Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
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Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
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Women’s empowerment is closely as
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Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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pathways: its negative association
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
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Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Among women who have never been mar
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who experienced sexual violence fir
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Domestic violence is not limited to
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Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
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Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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