Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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Of all the specified reasons, men are most likely to agree that a husband has the right to get angry and reprimand his wife if she refuses to have sex with him (33 percent) and least likely to agree with having forced sex with his wife (16 percent). As men’s level of education increases, they are less likely to agree that a husband has the right to exhibit any of the specified behaviors. For example, 10 percent of men with no education condone negative behaviors, compared with 2 percent of men with more than secondary education. A similar relationship is seen with respect to wealth quintile, with the exception of men in the lowest wealth quintile. As household wealth rises from the second quintile to the highest quintile, the percentage of men who support all the specified reasons decreases from 9 percent to 3 percent, respectively. Men therefore exhibit the expected pattern; that is, urban, educated, and wealthy men are more tolerant of women’s sexual rights. Table 15.8 provides a brief overview on how the three basic empowerment indicators— number of decisions in which women participate, number of reasons for which wife beating is justified, and number of reasons for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband—relate to each other. The first index shows the number of decisions in which women participate alone or jointly with their husband. This index ranges in value from 0 to 4 and is positively related to women’s empowerment. It reflects the degree of decisionmaking control that women are able to exercise in areas that affect their lives and environments. The second index is the number of reasons for which the respondent thinks that a husband is justified in beating his wife. This index ranges in value from 0 to 5. A lower score on this indicator is interpreted as reflecting a greater sense of entitlement and self-esteem, and higher status for women. The final index is the number of circumstances in which the respondent feels that a woman is justified in refusing sexual intercourse with her husband or partner. This index ranges in value from 0 to 3 and is positively related to women’s sense of self-esteem and empowerment. It reflects perceptions of sexual roles and women’s rights over their bodies. 220 | Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes
Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s empowerment Percentage of women age 15-49 who participate in all decisionmaking, percentage who disagree with all reasons for justifying wife beating, and percentage who agree with all reasons for refusing sexual intercourse with husband, by value on each of the indicators of women's empowerment, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Currently married women Percentage who disagree Percentage who agree with Percentage with all the all the reasons for who participate reasons refusing sexual in all decision- justifying intercourse with Empowerment indicator making wife beating husband 1 Number of Number of Number of decisions in which women participate women women 1 0 na 95 18.3 65.0 95 1-2 na 765 8.2 53.6 765 3-4 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified na 7,047 11.6 57.8 7,047 2 0 76.6 895 na 39.4 1,815 1-2 70.2 1,867 na 41.1 2,984 3-4 74.0 3,414 na 47.8 5,552 5 Number of reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband 76.5 1,730 na 73.5 2,785 3 0 72.2 876 30.6 na 2,566 1-2 74.9 2,484 8.0 na 3,930 3 73.7 4,546 10.8 na 6,640 na = Not applicable 1 Restricted to currently married women. See Table 15.5.1 for the list of decisions. 2 See Table 15.6.1 for the list of reasons 3 See Table 15.7.1 for the list of reasons Table 15.8 shows these three indicators of women’s empowerment and how they relate to each other. It shows the percentage of married women age 15-49 who participate in all decisionmaking, the percentage of women who disagree with all the specified reasons for justifying wife beating, and the percentage of women who agree with all the specified reasons for a wife refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband, by the value on each of the indicators. In general, the expectation is that women who participate in making household decisions are more likely to have gender-egalitarian beliefs. The findings on women’s empowerment indicate that among women who participate in all the decisions, 58 percent justified their right to refuse sexual intercourse with their husband for all reasons, compared with women who participated in 1-2 decisions (54 percent) and in no decisions (65 percent). Similarly, women who participated in all decisions are more likely to disagree with all the reasons for justifying wife beating (12 percent) than women who participate in fewer decisions (8 percent). However, it is also important to point out that women who participate in no decisions are most likely to disagree with all the reasons for justifying wife beating (18 percent). This anomalous pattern is difficult to explain. Similarly, women who do not support wife beating for any reason at all are most likely to participate in all the decisionmaking in the household (77 percent), but this percentage is similar to women who justify all five reasons for wife beating. The direction of the relationship between participation in decisionmaking and reasons to justify wife beating is not clear. Similarly, there is no strong relationship between participation decisionmaking and the number of reasons for refusing sexual intercourse with a husband. This may be attributed to the fact that Timorese women in general exhibit a culture of tolerance and acceptance of male domination, since the majority of women mentioned that it is acceptable for a man to beat his wife for at least one reason (86 percent as seen in Table 15.6.1). It is also noteworthy to point out that women who disagree with all the reasons justifying wife beating are also most likely to not accept any reason for a woman to refuse sexual intercourse with her husband (31 percent), and this percentage decreases to 8 percent for women who accept at least one to two reasons and 11 percent for women who accept all three reasons. Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes | 221
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
Page 211 and 212: The highest prevalence of fever is
Page 213 and 214: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251: Women’s empowerment is closely as
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
Page 259 and 260: partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
Page 261 and 262: Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
Page 283 and 284: Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
Page 285: World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
Page 288 and 289: 256 | Appendix A during the populat
Page 290 and 291: A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
Page 293 and 294: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
Page 295 and 296: Table B.1 List of selected variable
Page 297 and 298: Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
Page 299 and 300: Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
Page 301 and 302: Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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