Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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56 | Fertility Studies have shown that the death of a preceding child leads to a shorter birth interval than when the preceding child survived. The median birth interval is four months shorter among births for which the previous sibling is dead than among births in which the previous sibling is alive (25.1 months and 29.3 months, respectively). This difference in the birth intervals may be due to the desire of parents to replace a dead child as well as the loss of the fertility-delaying effects of breastfeeding. There are no marked differences in the median birth intervals by urban-rural residence, education of mother or wealth status of households. However, the median birth interval is noticeably higher in Covalima and Oecussi than in the other districts. 4.6 AGE AT FIRST BIRTH The onset of childbearing at an early age has a major effect on the health of both mother and child. It also lengthens the reproductive period, thereby increasing the level of fertility. Table 4.7 shows the median age at first birth and the percentage of women who gave birth by exact ages, by five-year age cohorts. Table 4.7 Age at first birth Percentage of women age 15-49 who gave birth by exact ages, percentage who have never given birth, and median age at first birth, according to current age, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Current age Percentage who gave birth by exact age 15 18 20 22 25 Percentage who have never given birth Number of women Median age at first birth 15-19 0.4 na na na na 94.3 3,144 a 20-24 0.7 8.8 24.4 na na 56.2 2,343 a 25-29 1.5 12.9 30.2 49.4 69.5 21.2 1,897 22.1 30-34 2.4 14.6 31.1 51.0 74.8 9.5 1,534 21.9 35-39 2.4 13.3 28.6 47.0 69.1 7.7 1,684 22.4 40-44 2.5 16.0 30.6 46.1 67.6 5.6 1,388 22.5 45-49 2.0 10.9 23.3 38.2 58.5 7.8 1,146 23.6 25-49 2.1 13.6 29.1 46.9 68.5 11.0 7,650 22.4 na = Not applicable a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of women had a birth before reaching the beginning of the age group Childbearing begins early in Timor-Leste. The median age at first birth is 22.1 years for the youngest cohort (age 25-29) of women for whom a median age can be computed, and the median age varies between 21.9 among women age 30-34 and 23.6 years among women 45-49. Fourteen percent of Timorese women have given birth before reaching age 18, while nearly half have had a birth by age 22. More than two-thirds of Timorese women have become mothers by age 25. Table 4.8 shows the median age at first birth by background characteristics. The median age at first birth is slightly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The urban-rural difference is widest among women age 45-49. The median age at first birth is lowest among women in Covalima (21.3 years) and highest among women in Baucau (24.0 years). It is higher among women with secondary education than among women with no education.
Table 4.8 Median age at first birth Median age at first birth among women age 25-49 years, according to background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic 25-29 30-34 Current age 35-39 40-44 45-49 Women age 25-49 Residence Urban 22.4 22.8 23.5 22.3 22.7 22.7 Rural District 22.0 21.5 22.1 22.6 24.0 22.3 Aileu 21.8 20.9 21.8 23.0 22.7 22.0 Ainaro 21.7 21.0 23.2 22.7 24.7 22.4 Baucau 23.4 21.8 23.7 24.5 27.6 24.0 Bobonaro 22.9 21.1 22.2 22.2 23.6 22.4 Covalima 20.5 20.5 21.3 21.9 23.5 21.3 Dili 22.6 23.1 24.1 22.4 22.7 23.0 Ermera 22.5 21.7 21.4 21.6 23.5 21.9 Lautem 21.7 21.9 21.7 21.7 22.9 21.9 Liquiçá 23.2 20.9 21.6 21.6 22.9 21.9 Manatuto 22.0 22.8 23.3 22.5 22.9 22.7 Manufahi 21.9 21.5 21.9 22.8 24.1 22.1 Oecussi 20.5 20.8 22.0 22.5 21.3 21.5 Viqueque Education 21.0 21.9 22.9 24.0 25.2 22.7 No education 21.7 21.1 21.9 22.3 23.5 22.2 Primary 20.7 20.9 21.5 21.5 22.9 21.3 Secondary 22.6 22.5 23.5 23.8 26.4 23.0 More than secondary Wealth quintile a 26.2 27.4 29.9 23.2 a Lowest 21.1 21.1 22.4 23.5 26.1 22.5 Second 22.2 21.3 22.1 22.5 24.1 22.2 Middle 22.5 21.6 21.8 22.2 23.2 22.2 Fourth 22.2 22.1 21.7 21.9 22.5 22.1 Highest 22.4 22.8 23.8 22.4 23.0 22.9 Total 22.1 21.9 22.4 22.5 23.6 22.4 a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women had a birth before reaching the beginning of the age group 4.7 ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY AND MOTHERHOOD Early teenage pregnancy can cause severe health problems for both the mother and child. Moreover, an early start to childbearing greatly reduces the educational and employment opportunities of women and is associated with higher levels of fertility. Table 4.9 shows the percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth, the percentage who are pregnant with their first child and the combined percentage of those who have begun childbearing, by background characteristics. Seven percent of women age 15-19 have already had a birth or are pregnant with their first child. The percentage of women who have begun childbearing increases rapidly with age, from 1 percent among women age 15 to 20 percent among women age 19. Rural women are more than twice as likely as urban women to have begun childbearing early. Adolescent childbearing is lowest in Dili (2 percent) and highest in Oecussi (16 percent). Teenage pregnancy is also markedly higher among women with little or no education (13 to 16 percent) than among mothers with secondary or higher levels of education. The percentage of teenagers who have begun childbearing is also relatively higher among those in the lowest three wealth quintiles compared with those in the highest two wealth quintiles. Fertility | 57
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
Page 37 and 38: 1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
Page 39 and 40: 1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
Page 41: In these households, 13,796 women w
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.1 Household population by a
Page 46 and 47: The percentage of children not livi
Page 48 and 49: The Early Childhood Care and Educat
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
Page 52 and 53: The GAR at the primary school level
Page 54 and 55: ate (2 percent) than their rural co
Page 56 and 57: water. Thirty-six percent of househ
Page 58 and 59: The type of flooring material used
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
Page 63 and 64: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
Page 73 and 74: 3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
Page 75 and 76: 3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
Page 77 and 78: Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
Page 81 and 82: FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
Page 83 and 84: Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
Page 85 and 86: calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
Page 87: of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
Page 91 and 92: FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
Page 93 and 94: According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
Page 95 and 96: Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
Page 97 and 98: Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
Page 99 and 100: Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
Page 101 and 102: Use increases with parity but with
Page 103 and 104: Female and male sterilizations are
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
Page 107 and 108: Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
Page 109: Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
Page 112 and 113: 6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
Page 114 and 115: 20.9 years. Although the proportion
Page 116 and 117: 84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
Page 118 and 119: Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 120 and 121: There is little difference in the p
Page 122 and 123: 2 percent among women age 30-34 to
Page 124 and 125: 92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
Page 126 and 127: 94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
Page 128 and 129: 96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
Page 130 and 131: 98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
Page 132 and 133: with their death, or they may live
Page 134 and 135: 100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
Page 136 and 137: 104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
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12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
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MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
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13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
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Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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The highest prevalence of fever is
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
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percent of women and 61 percent of
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person who has AIDS or by sharing c
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Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
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Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
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14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
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In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
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100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
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14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
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To assess the extent of condom use
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
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Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
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Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
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15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
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Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
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Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
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Women’s empowerment is closely as
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Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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pathways: its negative association
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
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Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Among women who have never been mar
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who experienced sexual violence fir
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Domestic violence is not limited to
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Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
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Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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