Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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Table 15.5.2 Men's attitude toward wives' participation in decisionmaking Percentage of currently married men age 15-49 who think that a wife should have the greater say alone or equal say with her husband on five specific kinds of decisions, by background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Making major household purchases Making purchases for daily household needs 212 | Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes Specific decision Visits to her family or relatives What to do with the money the wife earns How many children to have All five decisions None of the five decisions Number of men Age 20-24 91.7 97.4 94.1 90.7 99.1 78.6 0.5 125 25-29 92.0 97.9 94.9 91.5 97.0 76.7 0.0 359 30-34 93.5 97.9 95.2 93.6 97.5 81.7 0.0 368 35-39 92.9 98.0 94.5 89.7 96.2 76.3 0.1 492 40-44 92.1 97.4 94.4 92.7 96.4 79.9 0.1 433 45-49 93.2 96.2 92.1 89.2 94.8 76.0 0.9 378 Employment (past 12 months) Not employed 86.2 98.7 93.2 80.1 99.0 67.6 0.0 57 Employed for cash 92.4 98.0 96.1 90.1 98.3 77.9 0.1 715 Employed not for cash 93.1 97.1 93.3 92.2 95.5 78.6 0.3 1,385 Number of living children 0 94.5 97.6 95.6 91.9 98.8 81.1 0.0 135 1-2 91.7 97.6 95.0 92.1 96.3 76.7 0.1 620 3-4 92.9 97.9 94.0 90.6 96.1 77.0 0.2 704 5+ 93.0 96.9 93.6 90.9 96.7 79.8 0.4 700 Residence Urban 90.9 97.0 96.4 84.2 97.5 72.5 0.3 567 Rural 93.3 97.6 93.5 93.7 96.2 80.1 0.2 1,592 District Aileu 69.0 94.2 59.4 93.9 96.1 45.2 1.3 92 Ainaro 97.3 97.9 99.2 97.9 95.8 93.1 0.0 101 Baucau 98.7 99.3 94.0 91.1 85.9 75.0 0.0 237 Bobonaro 99.2 94.6 91.2 89.1 96.1 75.1 0.0 170 Covalima 99.6 99.2 100.0 97.0 97.7 94.3 0.0 123 Dili 91.0 96.8 96.0 77.0 98.6 65.6 0.5 416 Ermera 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 233 Lautem 96.5 92.7 97.1 91.2 98.8 82.6 0.0 163 Liquiçá 96.9 97.8 92.6 85.5 95.1 77.8 0.0 124 Manatuto 100.0 97.2 99.4 100.0 100.0 96.7 0.0 96 Manufahi 12.7 98.5 97.8 97.8 90.3 9.9 1.5 77 Oecussi 95.4 98.3 87.8 95.4 98.8 81.4 0.6 165 Viqueque 100.0 99.4 97.4 99.4 99.4 96.7 0.0 159 Education No education 93.0 96.1 91.9 91.0 95.2 74.5 0.5 523 Primary 93.8 96.9 93.5 91.1 96.8 79.6 0.3 650 Secondary 92.1 98.4 96.0 91.0 96.8 78.9 0.1 853 More than secondary 89.6 99.2 95.6 94.3 98.8 79.1 0.0 132 Wealth quintile Lowest 92.8 97.9 91.5 94.6 96.6 79.6 0.2 413 Second 91.8 97.5 93.8 92.2 95.5 76.9 0.1 408 Middle 92.6 96.4 93.3 93.7 96.3 80.0 0.1 411 Fourth 94.6 97.6 95.4 89.6 96.8 78.8 0.3 447 Highest 91.5 97.8 96.7 86.9 97.3 75.4 0.4 479 Total 15-49 92.7 97.5 94.2 91.2 96.5 78.1 0.2 2,158 Note: Total includes 4 men age 15-19 not shown separately and 1 man with information missing on employment status.
15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING Another measure of women’s empowerment derives from the idea that gender equity is essential to empowerment. Women who believe that wife beating is justified seemingly have a lower status than women who think otherwise because they are more accepting of norms that give men the right to use force against women, which is a violation of women’s basic human rights. Violence against women has serious consequences for their mental and physical well-being, including their reproductive and sexual health (Heise et al., 1999). The attitude of women and men toward wife beating may be considered a proxy indicator for their attitude toward domestic violence. Women and men were asked whether a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife in each of the following five situations: if she burns the food, if she argues with him, if she goes out without telling him, if she neglects the children, and if she refuses to have sexual intercourse with him. The fewer situations, or reasons, that a woman agrees with indicates a greater sense of entitlement, self-esteem, and status, and reflects positively on her sense of empowerment. A woman who believes that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife, for any of the five specified reasons, may consider herself to be of low status both absolutely and relative to men. Such a perception could act as a barrier to accessing health care for herself and for her children, affect her attitude toward contraceptive use, and impact her general well-being. Table 15.6.1 shows that 86 percent of women believe that a husband is justified in beating his wife for at least one of the specified reasons. The most widely accepted reason for wife beating among women is neglecting the children (76 percent). About 64 percent of women believe that a husband is justified in beating his wife if she argues with him, and 72 percent believe that it is acceptable if she goes out without telling him. A smaller percentage of women believe that the husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she burns the food (43 percent) or denies him sexual intercourse (30 percent). Differentials by women’s background characteristics are small, except among women in Viqueque, who are least likely to sanction wife beating. Only 59 percent of women in Viqueque believe that a husband is justified in beating his wife for at least one specified reason. Among the Timorese, it is the man and/or his family who pays dowry at marriage to his wife’s family (Belis, Barlaque). However, once the payment is completed, the wife is often considered the property of the husband, thus losing her independence and status as an individual. In Viqueque, the payment of dowry is less prevalent and as such women in Viqueque may tend to exhibit greater self-esteem. Men age 15-49 are almost as likely as women to report that they find physical violence against women justifiable (Table 15.6.2). Overall, four in five Timorese men agree with at least one of the reasons for why a man is justified in beating his wife. Men are most likely to justify beating a wife if she neglects the children (71 percent). Like women, men are least likely to say that burning food (38 percent) or refusing to have sex (27 percent) are grounds for wife beating. About 44 percent of men feel that arguing with one’s husband is a justifiable reason for wife beating. Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes | 213
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
Page 194 and 195: Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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Page 198 and 199: Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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Page 213 and 214: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
Page 283 and 284: Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
Page 285: World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
Page 288 and 289: 256 | Appendix A during the populat
Page 290 and 291: A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
Page 293 and 294: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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