Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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15.9 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE BY WOMEN’S STATUS Table 15.11 shows women’s use of antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care services by the three indicators of women’s empowerment. In societies where health care is widespread, women’s empowerment may not affect their access to reproductive health services. In other societies, however, increased empowerment of women is likely to increase their ability to seek out and use limited health services to better meet their own reproductive health goals, including the goal of safe motherhood. Table 15.11 Reproductive health care by women’s empowerment Percentage of women age 15-49 with a live birth in the five years preceding the survey who received antenatal care, delivery assistance, and postnatal care from health personnel for the most recent birth, by indicators of women's empowerment, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Empowerment indicator 224 | Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes Received antenatal care from health personnel Received delivery assistance from health personnel Received postnatal care from health personnel within the first two days since delivery 1 Number of women with a child born in the past five years Number of decisions in which women participate 2 0 85.3 36.4 20.7 66 1-2 84.5 43.9 34.9 528 3-4 86.6 32.4 23.6 5,208 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified 3 0 80.6 33.2 22.4 658 1-2 87.3 37.0 26.2 1,413 3-4 87.7 34.3 25.8 2,585 5 84.1 27.7 21.8 1,360 Number of reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband 4 0 85.9 45.0 29.3 642 1-2 89.9 42.9 32.6 1,850 3 84.0 26.2 19.6 3,523 Total 86.0 33.3 24.6 6,015 Note: “Health personnel” includes doctor, nurse, midwife, or assistant nurse. 1 Includes deliveries in a health facility and not in a health facility 2 Restricted to currently married women. See Table 15.5.1 for the list of decisions. 3 See Table 15.6.1 for the list of reasons. 4 See Table 15.7.1 for the list of reasons. The data indicate that there is a correlation between women’s status, as measured by the number of reasons for justifying wife beating, and utilization of health services. Women who believe that wife beating is justified for all five reasons are less likely to receive antenatal care, delivery assistance, or postnatal care from health personnel than women who believe that wife beating is justified for one to two reasons. The relationship between utilization of health services and the other two women’s empowerment indicators is less clear. As antenatal care is widely accessible to most women, differences by empowerment index are not clearly reflected.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words of former United Nations Secretary General, Kofi Annan, “violence against women is perhaps the most shameful human rights violation. And it is perhaps the most pervasive. It knows no boundaries of geography, culture, or wealth. As long as it continues, we cannot claim to be making real progress towards equality, development, and peace” (UNIFEM, 2003). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines domestic violence as “the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development, or deprivation” (Krug et al., 2002). Domestic violence is defined here as any act of violence resulting in physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, girls, and also men, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty. Domestic violence is the most common form of gender-based violence in Timor-Leste. Studies have indicated that Timor-Leste has a long history of culturally accepted forms of domestic violence. People prefer not to talk about domestic violence, as it is considered a private matter. Therefore, reporting on domestic violence is considered a societal taboo. It is expressed that “Gender-based violence is widespread in Timor-Leste, yet perpetrators are rarely punished. Family disputes and domestic violence is often considered a ‘normal,’ yet very private occurrence within the family” (Concern.net, 2008). It is not a common practice to seek justice through traditional justice systems; the perpetrators of gender-based violence cannot simply be punished or removed from the community. Often the family of the perpetrator gives animals (water buffalos, goats, or pigs) to the victim’s family. This gift opens an avenue of reconciliation that concludes with a ceremony, usually a feast, indicating that there are no more hard feelings and no need for social disturbances. After the conclusion of such a ceremony, the perpetrator is once again allowed to move around freely. A baseline study conducted in 2007 in the two districts of Covalima and Bobonaro indicated that the patriarchal belief of women’s role in society, religion, and preconceived notions of sexuality make discussions of sexual and gender-based violence nearly impossible (UNMIT, 2009). After a concerted lobbying effort led by the Office of the Secretariat of State for the Promotion of Equality, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), UNMIT and local and international NGOs, the National Parliament in Timor-Leste passed a Law Against Domestic Violence on May 3, 2010, which came into force one month later. These efforts represented the culmination of seven years’ work, which involved harmonization with relevant provisions of the Timorese Criminal Code. The Law Against Domestic Violence clearly states that crimes of domestic violence are public crimes and also provides for medical, legal, and psycho-social support for survivors. However, consideration of the law did not occur until 2009 after the penal code was approved which included domestic violence as a punishable crime for the first time under Timorese or Indonesian rule (UNIFEM, 2010). The law was finally promulgated by the President on June 21, 2010. The 2009-10 TLDHS included a series of questions that focus on specific aspects of domestic and interpersonal violence. The module addresses women’s experience of interpersonal violence, including acts of physical, sexual, and emotional violence. Information was collected on both domestic violence (also known as spousal violence or intimate partner violence) and violence by other family members or unrelated individuals. Specifically, this chapter presents the findings on women who ever experienced interpersonal violence—physical violence since the age of 15, lifetime experience of sexual violence—and women who experienced partner violence ever and in the past 12 months. In addition, detailed information is presented on partner violence, including the physical consequences of violence and when partner violence began. Domestic Violence | 225
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
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12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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Page 213 and 214: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 261 and 262: Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
Page 283 and 284: Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
Page 285: World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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Page 290 and 291: A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
Page 293 and 294: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
Page 295 and 296: Table B.1 List of selected variable
Page 297 and 298: Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
Page 299 and 300: Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
Page 301 and 302: Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
Page 303 and 304: Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
Page 305 and 306: Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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