Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...
Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...
Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...
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174 | Malaria<br />
13.1 MOSQUITO NETS<br />
13.1.1 Ownership <strong>of</strong> Mosquito Nets<br />
A simple <strong>and</strong> relatively inexpensive way to control malaria is through the use <strong>of</strong> bed nets,<br />
which effectively breaks the host-vector link by creating a physical barrier between humans <strong>and</strong> the<br />
female Anopheles mosquito, which feeds primarily at night. Treating bed nets with an insecticide that<br />
leaves a residual effect has the added advantage <strong>of</strong> repelling <strong>and</strong>/or killing the mosquitoes. This leads<br />
to a reduction in the vector population <strong>and</strong>, eventually, to the termination <strong>of</strong> their ability to transmit<br />
malaria. The <strong>Timor</strong>-<strong>Leste</strong> health service therefore promotes the ownership <strong>and</strong> use <strong>of</strong> insecticidetreated<br />
mosquito nets, particularly factory-treated LLINs, as one <strong>of</strong> the primary interventions for<br />
reducing malaria transmission <strong>and</strong> morbidity in the country. The two types <strong>of</strong> LLINs promoted by the<br />
MOH are Olyset <strong>and</strong> Permanet, which require re-treatment after about four years or 20 washes, in<br />
contrast with the st<strong>and</strong>ard insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) that need to be re-treated every six months,<br />
or after three washes.<br />
Table 13.1 shows the percentage <strong>of</strong> households with at least one <strong>and</strong> more than one mosquito<br />
net (treated or untreated), ever-treated net, <strong>and</strong> ITN, by background characteristics. The data show that<br />
45 percent <strong>of</strong> households in <strong>Timor</strong>-<strong>Leste</strong> own at least one mosquito net, whether treated or untreated,<br />
44 percent own at least one ever-treated net, <strong>and</strong> 41 percent <strong>of</strong> households own at least one ITN. More<br />
than one in three households own more than one <strong>of</strong> any type <strong>of</strong> net. Urban households are more likely<br />
to own at least one ITN than rural households. Households belonging to the fourth <strong>and</strong> fifth wealth<br />
quintiles are more likely to have at least one ITN compared with those in the lower wealth quintiles.<br />
Households in Covalima (62 percent) are most likely to have at least one ITN compared with all other<br />
districts. Ownership <strong>of</strong> ITNs is particularly low in Ainaro, Baucau, Ermera, <strong>and</strong> Manufahi, probably<br />
due to their higher altitude <strong>and</strong> reduced risk <strong>of</strong> mosquito exposure.<br />
Table 13.1 Ownership <strong>of</strong> mosquito nets<br />
Percentage <strong>of</strong> households with at least one <strong>and</strong> more than one mosquito net (treated or untreated), ever treated mosquito net, <strong>and</strong> insecticide-treated net<br />
(ITN), <strong>and</strong> the average number <strong>of</strong> nets per household, by background characteristics, <strong>Timor</strong>-<strong>Leste</strong> <strong>2009</strong>-<strong>10</strong><br />
Background<br />
characteristic<br />
Percentage<br />
with at least<br />
one<br />
Any type <strong>of</strong> mosquito net Ever-treated mosquito net 1<br />
Percentage<br />
with more<br />
than one<br />
Average<br />
number <strong>of</strong><br />
nets per<br />
household<br />
Percentage<br />
with at least<br />
one<br />
Percentage<br />
with more<br />
than one<br />
Average<br />
number <strong>of</strong><br />
ever treated<br />
nets per<br />
household<br />
Insecticide-treated mosquito net<br />
(ITNs) 2<br />
Percentage<br />
with at least<br />
one<br />
Percentage<br />
with more<br />
than one<br />
Average<br />
number <strong>of</strong><br />
ITNs per<br />
household<br />
Number <strong>of</strong><br />
households<br />
Residence<br />
Urban 60.6 43.5 1.3 55.8 37.9 1.1 51.0 34.0 1.0 2,695<br />
Rural<br />
District<br />
40.8 26.7 0.8 39.9 26.0 0.8 37.7 24.1 0.7 8,768<br />
Aileu 52.5 37.4 1.1 51.9 36.7 1.1 51.8 36.6 1.0 445<br />
Ainaro 20.8 <strong>10</strong>.3 0.3 16.1 8.1 0.3 15.5 7.9 0.3 674<br />
Baucau 24.9 16.6 0.5 24.8 16.6 0.5 22.5 15.0 0.4 1,338<br />
Bobonaro 48.8 33.9 1.0 45.3 29.9 0.9 41.6 26.6 0.8 1,097<br />
Covalima 66.5 52.4 1.4 65.5 51.2 1.4 62.4 47.7 1.3 684<br />
Dili 61.2 43.9 1.3 55.8 37.6 1.1 51.4 34.1 1.0 1,911<br />
Ermera 26.8 14.9 0.5 26.7 14.9 0.5 26.7 14.9 0.5 1,253<br />
Lautem 54.3 32.8 1.0 54.3 32.8 1.0 53.4 31.8 1.0 751<br />
Liquiçá 41.2 23.3 0.8 40.2 22.6 0.7 38.0 20.9 0.7 640<br />
Manatutu 61.9 48.5 1.4 61.8 48.4 1.4 54.7 40.7 1.2 490<br />
Manufahi 27.9 18.3 0.5 27.3 17.5 0.5 23.3 15.0 0.4 495<br />
Oecussi 58.6 34.4 1.1 57.0 33.1 1.0 54.3 30.5 0.9 817<br />
Viqueque<br />
Wealth quintile<br />
47.9 33.4 1.0 47.9 33.4 1.0 43.3 29.9 0.9 869<br />
Lowest 25.1 12.4 0.4 24.6 12.2 0.4 23.6 11.6 0.4 2,432<br />
Second 33.7 19.2 0.6 32.8 18.6 0.6 31.2 17.3 0.5 2,354<br />
Middle 44.6 28.8 0.8 43.5 27.6 0.8 41.2 26.1 0.8 2,254<br />
Fourth 60.9 43.4 1.3 58.9 41.2 1.2 55.5 38.1 1.1 2,187<br />
Highest 65.7 52.0 1.5 60.9 46.7 1.4 55.2 41.0 1.2 2,235<br />
Total 45.4 30.6 0.9 43.6 28.8 0.9 40.9 26.4 0.8 11,463<br />
1 An ever-treated net is (1) a factory net that does not require any further treatment or (2) any pretreated net.<br />
2 An insecticide treated net (ITN) is (1) a factory treated net that does not require any further treatment or (2) a pretreated net obtained within the past 12<br />
months.