Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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(ARV) treatment; providing care and support for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHA); and training health workers in the clinical management of AIDS patients (MOH, 2006; DRTL, 2010). The 2009-10 TLDHS included a series of questions on knowledge of HIV/AIDS and attitudes toward people with AIDS. All women and men age 15-49 were first asked if they had ever heard of AIDS. Those who had heard of AIDS were questioned further about their knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention. Respondents were also asked about their perception of the precautions a person can take to avoid getting infected with HIV. Additional questions dealt with common local misconceptions regarding the mode of transmission of HIV. This chapter presents current levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and related behaviors in the general adult population. A specific focus is HIV/AIDS knowledge and patterns of sexual activity among youth, who are the main target of many HIV prevention efforts. 14.1 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS AND OF TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION METHODS 14.1.1 Knowledge of AIDS Respondents in the 2009-10 TLDHS were asked whether they have heard of AIDS. Table 14.1 shows the percentages of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of AIDS. Forty-four 182 | HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Table 14.1 Knowledge of AIDS Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who have heard of AIDS, by background characteristics, Timor- Leste 2009-10 Women Men Background Has heard of Number of Has heard of Number of characteristic Age AIDS women AIDS men 15-24 53.4 5,487 62.6 1,636 15-19 51.8 3,144 56.8 994 20-24 55.5 2,343 71.6 643 25-29 47.4 1,897 70.6 586 30-39 38.2 3,219 61.6 992 40-49 Marital status 27.2 2,534 49.4 861 Never married 56.3 4,675 64.2 1,865 Ever had sex (59.3) 40 83.9 540 Never had sex 56.3 4,635 56.2 1,325 Married/living together Divorced/separated/ 37.3 7,906 58.1 2,158 widowed Residence 29.2 556 41.8 53 Urban 70.1 3,439 85.1 1,102 Rural District 34.4 9,698 51.7 2,974 Aileu 36.2 554 53.2 181 Ainaro 28.8 619 46.4 217 Baucau 54.3 1,408 64.3 415 Bobonaro 39.5 1,262 61.8 357 Covalima 48.5 781 77.3 236 Dili 79.7 2,466 92.9 797 Ermera 13.8 1,542 20.8 491 Lautem 36.3 864 58.0 308 Liquiçá 33.9 801 52.9 252 Manatuto 52.1 603 98.9 190 Manufahi 36.3 470 46.0 137 Oecussi 27.6 884 51.0 235 Viqueque Education 26.8 882 31.7 260 No education 12.8 3,854 22.1 791 Primary 26.8 3,005 43.8 1,046 Secondary 68.8 5,829 80.2 2,009 More than secondary Wealth quintile 97.1 449 100.0 230 Lowest 20.1 2,314 35.3 728 Second 26.2 2,468 44.3 781 Middle 34.6 2,590 54.7 786 Fourth 48.9 2,687 68.7 849 Highest 78.8 3,077 92.1 932 Total 15-49 43.8 13,137 60.7 4,076 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases
percent of women and 61 percent of men have heard of AIDS. Knowledge is inversely related to age, rising from 27 percent among women age 40-49 to 53 percent among those age 15-24. This pattern is true for men with the exception of those age15-24. Knowledge rises from 49 percent among men age 40-49 to 71 percent among men age 25-29 and then falls to 63 percent among the youngest cohort. Knowledge is higher among never-married than ever-married respondents. Knowledge is twice as high among urban compared with rural women, with the urban-rural difference among men being somewhat less substantial. Women in Dili and men in Manatuto are most likely to have heard of AIDS, and women and men in Ermera are least likely. Knowledge of AIDS increases with level of education and household wealth for both women and men. 14.1.2 Knowledge of HIV Prevention Methods The promotion of sexual and reproductive health is necessary for the prevention of HIV infection. This includes educating the public to adopt specific prevention behaviors, including: • Abstinence from sexual activity that can transmit infection • Being faithful to one partner who is also faithful and uninfected • Consistent condom use Table 14.2 presents levels of knowledge about the various HIV prevention methods by background characteristics. Of the prevention methods discussed in the survey, women are most aware that their risk of getting HIV can be reduced by limiting sex to one uninfected partner who has no other partners (36 percent). In addition, 26 percent of women mention that abstaining from sexual intercourse will prevent the transmission of HIV. Among men, the most commonly cited prevention method also is limiting sex to one uninfected partner who has no other partners (49 percent). Knowledge of condoms and the role that they can play in preventing the transmission of AIDS is much more common among men than among women (45 percent versus 30 percent). Fewer men and women (42 percent and 27 percent, respectively) are also aware that both using condoms and limiting sex to one uninfected partner can reduce the risk of getting the AIDS virus. Young women age 15-24 are relatively more knowledgeable of the various modes of prevention than older women. For instance, 32 percent of women age 15-24 said that using condoms and limiting sex to one uninfected partner can reduce the risk of HIV infection, compared with only 17 percent of women age 40-49. The relationship between age and knowledge of transmission of HIV among men is less clear. Knowledge of HIV prevention methods among both women and men is highest among never-married respondents and lowest among those divorced, separated, or widowed. Knowledge of HIV prevention methods is consistently higher in urban than in rural areas among women and men. Education has a positive impact on a respondent’s knowledge of AIDS. For example, 62 percent of women with more than secondary education know that using condoms and limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner can reduce a person’s chances of getting HIV, compared with 8 percent of women with no education. A similar pattern is seen for men, although the gap in knowledge by education is not as large as that observed for women. Similarly, women and men living in households in the higher wealth quintiles are more likely than those in the lower wealth quintiles to be aware of ways to prevent HIV transmission. HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior | 183
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
Page 163 and 164: CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
Page 165 and 166: In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
Page 167 and 168: Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
Page 169 and 170: The data indicate that two percent
Page 171 and 172: 11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
Page 173 and 174: Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
Page 175 and 176: Ten percent of children with diarrh
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Page 182 and 183: 80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
Page 184 and 185: 60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
Page 186 and 187: Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
Page 188 and 189: 100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Page 190 and 191: Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
Page 192 and 193: Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
Page 194 and 195: Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
Page 196 and 197: the most recent distribution preced
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
Page 211 and 212: The highest prevalence of fever is
Page 213: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
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Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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who experienced sexual violence fir
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Domestic violence is not limited to
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Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
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Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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