Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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230 | Domestic Violence on their male partners for their livelihood, and therefore this role reversal may subject them to greater violence. Formerly married women (divorced, separated, or widowed) are more likely to have ever experienced physical violence since age 15 than currently married and never-married women (53 percent, compared with 42 and 29 percent, respectively). Formerly married women are also more likely to have experienced physical violence often in the past 12 months (8 percent) than currently married women (1 percent), perhaps indicating the vulnerable position of women who have lost their spouse and become dependent on others for their basic needs. Women with no living children are the least likely to have experienced physical violence in the past 12 months. There is no clear pattern of rates of physical violence experienced by women with children. Urban women are more likely to have ever experienced physical violence since the age of 15 compared with rural women (49 percent compared with 35 percent). This is corroborated by the fact that more than half of the women in Dili district, which is primarily urban, reported experiencing physical violence since the age of 15 years. Women in Manufahi (76 percent) are most likely to report having ever experienced physical violence. Experience of physical violence in the past 12 months is highest among women in Manufahi (65 percent) and lowest in Ainaro (8 percent). The proportion of women who have ever experienced physical violence is highest among women with more than secondary education (46 percent) and those belonging to households in the highest wealth quintile (45 percent). This supports the assumption that highly educated women are usually from wealthier households, primarily located in urban areas and more likely to have access to cash earnings. These women may be victims of spousal violence because they have broken the cultural norms in a patriarchal society. On the other hand, it is also possible that educated, wealthier, and urban women are more likely to report any violence because they recognize that any form of violence is unacceptable, in contrast to their counterparts, who may be more accepting of violence against women as part and parcel of life and hence less likely to report their experience. 16.3 PERPETRATORS OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN Table 16.2 identifies the perpetrators of physical violence, by women’s current marital status. The percentages do not sum to 100 because respondents could have experienced violence at the hands of several people. Among ever-married women who have ever experienced physical violence, 74 percent reported that a current husband or partner committed the physical violence against them, while 6 percent reported that they experienced physical violence by a former husband/partner. Other perpetrators commonly reported by ever-married women were mother/stepmother (34 percent) and father/stepfather (26 percent), sisters and brothers (11 percent), and other relatives (6 percent). Table 16.2 Persons committing physical violence Among women age 15-49 who have experienced physical violence since age 15, percentage who report specific persons who committed the violence, according to the respondent’s marital status, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Person Marital status Ever married Never married Total Current husband/partner 73.8 na 55.2 Former husband/partner 6.3 na 4.7 Current boyfriend 0.0 0.4 0.1 Former boyfriend 0.5 0.0 0.4 Father/ stepfather 25.7 59.1 34.2 Mother/ stepmother 34.2 64.5 41.9 Sister/brother 11.3 26.7 15.2 Daughter/ son 0.4 1.6 0.7 Other relative 5.9 8.2 6.5 Mother-in-law 0.2 na 0.2 Father-in-law 0.4 na 0.3 Teacher 1.4 12.8 4.3 Employer/ someone at work 0.0 1.2 0.3 Other 1.1 1.0 1.1 Number of women 842 284 1,126 na= Not applicable
Among women who have never been married, parents are the most common perpetrators of physical violence. Sixty-five percent reported mother/step-mother and 59 percent father/step-father as their perpetrators. Among never-married women, 27 percent also reported physical violence committed by siblings while 13 percent reported teachers as the perpetrators. 16.4 WOMEN’S EXPERIENCE OF FORCE AT SEXUAL INITIATION The 2009-10 TLDHS investigated women’s experience of sexual violence, including a question on whether the respondent’s first sexual intercourse was forced against her will. Because the idea of force can be interpreted in various ways, the question was worded as follows: The first time you had sexual intercourse, would you say that you had it because you wanted to or because you were forced to do it against your will? Table 16.3 shows that only 1 percent of women said their first sexual experience was forced against their will. This proportion is relatively higher among those who first had sex before age 15 (4 percent). In addition to the question on whether first sexual intercourse was forced, the 2009-10 TLDHS included two sets of questions on sexual violence. Sexual violence limits women’s ability to practice safe sex and to protect themselves from sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies (Krug et al., 2002). The first set of questions asked about sexual violence committed by their current spouse, if they were currently married, and the most recent spouse, if they were currently divorced, separated, or widowed. The second set of questions asked all respondents, irrespective of marital status, whether they had ever, as a child or as an adult, experienced sexual violence. Sexual violence here includes being forced to have sexual intercourse or perform any other sexual acts against one’s will. Tables 16.3 through 16.5 present the results on the experience of any sexual violence. The findings on sexual violence among women by a spouse or intimate partner are explored later in the chapter. 16.5 EXPERIENCE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND PERPETRATORS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE Table 16.3 Force at sexual initiation Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever had sexual intercourse who say that their first experience of sexual intercourse was forced against their will, by age at first sexual intercourse and whether the first sexual intercourse was at the time of first marriage or before, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Percentage whose first sexual intercourse was forced against their will Number of women who have ever had sex Age at first sexual intercourse
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
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12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
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MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
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13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
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Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
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Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
Page 283 and 284: Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
Page 285: World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
Page 288 and 289: 256 | Appendix A during the populat
Page 290 and 291: A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
Page 293 and 294: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
Page 295 and 296: Table B.1 List of selected variable
Page 297 and 298: Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
Page 299 and 300: Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
Page 301 and 302: Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
Page 303 and 304: Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
Page 305 and 306: Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
Page 307 and 308: Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
Page 309 and 310: Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
Page 311: Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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