Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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comprehensive voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services at all levels of the health system. Because fear of discrimination and stigma is a major barrier to VCT access, confidentiality is of utmost importance (MOH, 2006). In the 2009-10 TLDHS, both male and female respondents were asked whether they know of a place where people can go to get tested for HIV. Table 14.7 shows that, among the adult population age 15-49, men (35 percent) are twice as likely as women (17 percent) to know where to go to be tested for HIV. Knowledge of a place to get an HIV test differs by respondents’ background characteristics. For instance, women and men in the oldest cohort are less likely to know of a place where they can get tested for HIV than their younger counterparts. Knowledge of HIV testing facilities is highest among urban women and men, among women who reside in Dili and men who reside in Manatuto (nearly all of whom are aware of a place to go to get tested), among men and women who have more than secondary education, and among respondents in the highest wealth quintile. Table 14.7 Knowledge of a place to get an HIV test 192 | HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who know where to get an HIV test, according to background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Percentage who know where to get an HIV test Women Men Number of women Percentage who know where to get an HIV test Number of men Age 15-24 19.9 5,487 33.2 1,636 15-19 18.0 3,144 27.3 994 20-24 22.3 2,343 42.4 643 25-29 19.7 1,897 43.0 586 30-39 16.4 3,219 36.0 992 40-49 Marital status 10.1 2,534 30.2 861 Never married 21.4 4,675 34.5 1,865 Ever had sex (23.2) 40 52.3 540 Never had sex 21.4 4,635 27.3 1,325 Married/living together Divorced/separated/ 14.9 7,906 35.2 2,158 widowed Residence 12.1 556 17.1 53 Urban 29.5 3,439 38.3 1,102 Rural District 12.7 9,698 33.3 2,974 Aileu 22.9 554 18.4 181 Ainaro 13.2 619 29.6 217 Baucau 17.2 1,408 58.6 415 Bobonaro 10.5 1,262 28.8 357 Covalima 14.9 781 38.3 236 Dili 33.0 2,466 34.9 797 Ermera 6.3 1,542 18.0 491 Lautem 15.9 864 17.6 308 Liquiçá 9.3 801 37.5 252 Manatuto 21.9 603 98.0 190 Manufahi 19.4 470 22.4 137 Oecussi 7.7 884 48.7 235 Viqueque Education 15.2 882 12.6 260 No education 2.8 3,854 9.4 791 Primary 7.7 3,005 21.6 1,046 Secondary 28.5 5,829 47.0 2,009 More than secondary Wealth quintile 56.1 449 72.3 230 Lowest 6.5 2,314 21.5 728 Second 7.9 2,468 25.9 781 Middle 12.3 2,590 32.3 786 Fourth 19.7 2,687 41.5 849 Highest 34.2 3,077 48.0 932 Total 15-49 17.1 13,137 34.7 4,076 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumcision has been shown to be associated with lower transmission of STIs, including HIV (WHO and UNAIDS, 2007). To know the practice of male circumcision in Timor-Leste, men age 15-49 interviewed in the 2009-10 TLDHS were asked if they were circumcised. As seen in Table 14.8 male circumcision is not widespread in Timor-Leste, and only 6 percent of men have been circumcised. The practice is slightly more common among men age 25 and older, among men with little or no education, and among men in the lowest wealth quintile. The vast majority of circumcised men live in Oecussi. 14.6 REPORTS OF RECENT SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS Information about the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is useful not only as a marker of unprotected sexual intercourse but also as a cofactor for HIV transmission. The 2009-10 TLDHS asked respondents who had ever had sex whether they had had an STI in the past 12 months. They were also asked whether, in the past year, they had experienced a genital sore or ulcer, and whether they had any genital discharge. These symptoms are useful in identifying STIs in men. They are less easily interpreted in women because women are likely to experience more non-STI conditions of the reproductive tract that produce a genital discharge. Table 14.8 Male circumcision Percentage of men age 15-49 who report having been circumcised, by background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Percentage circumcised Number of men Age 15-24 4.2 1,636 15-19 4.4 994 20-24 3.8 643 25-29 7.4 586 30-39 8.5 992 40-49 Residence 7.5 861 Urban 6.6 1,102 Rural District 6.3 2,974 Aileu 2.5 181 Ainaro 1.3 217 Baucau 0.8 415 Bobonaro 2.6 357 Covalima 0.8 236 Dili 4.4 797 Ermera 0.6 491 Lautem 0.2 308 Liquiçá 0.8 252 Manatuto 0.7 190 Manufahi 0.0 137 Oecussi 83.0 235 Viqueque Education 0.9 260 No education 8.0 791 Primary 9.0 1,046 Secondary 4.5 2,009 More than secondary Wealth quintile 5.2 230 Lowest 13.0 728 Second 5.7 781 Middle 4.6 786 Fourth 4.7 849 Highest 4.8 932 Total 15-49 6.4 4,076 In general, STIs are acquired through unprotected sexual intercourse and through the introduction of infected blood and blood products. STIs may also be transmitted from mother to fetus and from mother to neonate/infant during pregnancy and during the postpartum and breastfeeding periods (MOH, 2007). Table 14.9 shows that self-reported prevalence of STIs and STI symptoms is relatively low, with prevalence among women higher than among men. About 1 percent of women and men reported STI prevalence in the 12 months prior to the survey. It is likely that these figures, which are quite low, underestimate the actual prevalence of STIs among the sexually active population in Timor-Leste. Many STI symptoms are not easily recognized, and often STIs do not have any visible symptoms. Eight percent of women and 2 percent of men age 15-49 report having had a bad-smelling or abnormal genital discharge, 4 percent of women and 3 percent of men report a genital sore or ulcer, and twice as many women as men (8 percent and 4 percent, respectively) report having had an STI, genital discharge, or sore or ulcer in the past 12 months. HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior | 193
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Page 180 and 181: international reference population
Page 182 and 183: 80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
Page 184 and 185: 60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
Page 186 and 187: Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
Page 188 and 189: 100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Page 190 and 191: Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
Page 192 and 193: Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
Page 194 and 195: Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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Page 198 and 199: Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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