Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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15.6 ATTITUDES TOWARD REFUSING SEX WITH HUSBAND Women’s sexual empowerment has important implications for demographic and health outcomes such as their exposure to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. It is also an indicator of women’s empowerment in general, as it measures women’s level of acceptance of societal norms that socialize them to believe that women do not have the right to refuse sexual intercourse with their husband for any reason. The number of reasons that a wife finds acceptable for refusing sexual intercourse with her husband reflects perceptions of sexual roles and women’s rights over their bodies, and relates positively to women’s sense of self-esteem. To measure beliefs about women’s sexual empowerment, the 2009-10 TLDHS included questions on whether the respondent thinks that a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband under three circumstances: she knows her husband has a sexually transmitted disease, she knows her husband has sexual intercourse with other women, or she is tired or not in the mood. These three circumstances were chosen because they are effective in combining the issues of women’s rights and consequences for women’s health. Tables 15.7.1 and 15.7.2 show the responses of women and men, respectively. Table 15.7.1 shows that about two in three women agree with each of the specified circumstances under which a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband, and 51 percent agree with all three of the reasons. Women are most likely to agree that a woman can refuse to have sexual intercourse with her husband if she knows her husband has a sexually transmitted infection or if she is tired or not in the mood (67 percent each). Sixty-five percent think that a woman is justified in refusing sexual intercourse if she knows that her husband has intercourse with other women. Twenty percent of women agree with none of the specified reasons, meaning that they think that a woman should not refuse sexual intercourse with her husband under any circumstances. Women living in urban areas, those with higher education, and those in the highest wealth quintile are least likely to think all of the reasons for refusing sex are acceptable. Interestingly, these women are also less empowered with regard to other indicators, reinforcing the finding that within a patriarchal society educated, wealthy, and urban women are not automatically accorded equality. Table 15.7.2 shows the percentage of men who think that a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband under the same three specified circumstances: she knows her husband has a sexually transmitted disease, she knows her husband has sexual intercourse with other women, or she is tired or not in the mood. The results indicate that the proportion of men who think that a woman is justified in refusing sexual intercourse with her husband for all three specified reasons is almost the same as the proportion of women (53 and 51 percent, respectively). Seventy-two percent of men, compared with 67 percent of women, think that a wife is justified in refusing sexual intercourse with her husband if she knows he has a sexually transmitted infection; 71 percent of men, compared with 65 percent of women, think that a wife is justified in refusing sexual intercourse if she knows that her husband has intercourse with other women; and 75 percent of men, compared with 67 percent of women, think that a woman is justified in refusing sexual intercourse with her husband if she is tired or not in the mood. Men age 15-19, those who have primary education, those who are not employed, those who have never married, and those who have no children are least likely to accept all of the reasons for refusing sex. Notable differences are seen by education, with highly educated men more likely to agree with all of the specified reasons for women to refuse sexual intercourse. Conversely, these men are also least likely to agree with none of the specified reasons, indicating that urban, educated, and wealthy men are more accepting of women’s entitlement to control their sexuality. There are also substantial variations by district, with men in Viqueque less likely to accept all reasons for refusing sex (9 percent), while nearly all men in Manatuto agreed with all the specified reasons for refusing sex (99 percent). In the case of women, it was highest in Ermera (90 percent). 216 | Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes
Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusing sexual intercourse with husband: Women Percentage of all women age 15-49 who believe that a wife is justified in refusing to have sexual intercourse with her husband in specific circumstances, by background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Wife is justified in refusing intercourse with her husband if she: Knows Knows Percentage Percentage husband has husband has who agree who agree a sexually intercourse Is tired or with all of the with none of Background transmitted with other not in the specified the specified Number of characteristic Age disease women mood reasons reasons women 15-19 54.5 50.9 48.6 37.9 35.5 3,144 20-24 64.9 62.8 65.3 47.9 20.5 2,343 25-29 71.2 70.2 74.4 53.1 11.7 1,897 30-34 73.9 71.1 75.9 57.4 12.8 1,534 35-39 76.7 72.5 76.0 59.5 11.3 1,684 40-44 73.3 71.7 72.9 56.5 13.4 1,388 45-49 Employment (past 12 months) 72.1 70.2 71.6 57.1 15.4 1,146 Not employed 65.6 62.4 64.8 48.2 21.0 7,943 Employed for cash 60.7 62.4 68.6 44.4 17.9 1,054 Employed not for cash Marital status 72.7 70.1 69.5 56.8 17.2 4,130 Never married 55.1 51.4 49.7 38.0 34.3 4,675 Married or living together 74.3 72.5 76.2 57.5 11.1 7,906 Divorced/separated/widowed Number of living children 72.4 68.3 71.7 56.9 15.4 556 0 56.8 53.7 52.2 39.9 32.1 5,178 1-2 72.0 70.1 75.6 54.2 11.1 2,350 3-4 73.6 71.4 74.8 55.6 11.4 2,554 5+ Residence 76.7 74.2 77.2 61.6 11.5 3,055 Urban 48.7 46.2 56.6 26.6 25.8 3,439 Rural District 74.0 71.4 70.1 59.0 17.3 9,698 Aileu 68.7 59.8 74.6 53.6 21.4 554 Ainaro 61.0 59.5 51.5 42.8 30.2 619 Baucau 89.5 89.4 88.8 86.7 8.9 1,408 Bobonaro 63.3 59.7 37.8 25.9 25.7 1,262 Covalima 75.9 60.3 68.4 40.0 8.1 781 Dili 38.6 34.2 51.6 14.2 29.7 2,466 Ermera 90.6 91.7 91.3 89.8 7.3 1,542 Lautem 80.8 66.0 71.1 54.0 11.4 864 Liquiçá 76.8 72.8 73.9 56.3 11.9 801 Manatuto 79.1 78.7 73.7 68.2 15.0 603 Manufahi 23.4 64.1 59.2 20.0 25.5 470 Oecussi 82.6 80.9 79.9 77.4 14.8 884 Viqueque Education 52.7 48.7 49.5 42.8 41.6 882 No education 74.3 71.8 70.6 59.1 16.6 3,854 Primary 69.4 67.1 69.7 54.2 18.5 3,005 Secondary 63.2 60.4 62.7 44.6 21.5 5,829 More than secondary Wealth quintile 48.9 46.9 61.9 30.3 26.0 449 Lowest 70.4 68.0 67.0 56.9 21.5 2,314 Second 73.5 71.1 69.5 58.7 18.1 2,468 Middle 74.0 71.2 70.1 58.0 17.0 2,590 Fourth 70.1 67.3 67.6 51.5 17.0 2,687 Highest 52.4 49.9 60.1 32.1 23.5 3,077 Total 67.4 64.8 66.6 50.5 19.5 13,137 Note: Total includes 11 women with information missing on employment status. Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes | 217
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
Page 211 and 212: The highest prevalence of fever is
Page 213 and 214: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
Page 259 and 260: partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
Page 261 and 262: Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
Page 283 and 284: Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
Page 285: World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
Page 288 and 289: 256 | Appendix A during the populat
Page 290 and 291: A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
Page 293 and 294: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
Page 295 and 296: Table B.1 List of selected variable
Page 297 and 298: Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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