Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150 | Nutrition of Children and Women 0 # & # # Figure 12.1 Nutritional Status of Children by Age # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & & & $ & $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 Age in months & $ # Stunted Wasted Underweight Timor-Leste 2009-10 Fifty-eight percent of children under age 5 are stunted, and 33 percent are severely stunted. Nineteen percent of children under age 5 are wasted, and 7 percent are severely wasted. The weightfor-age indicator shows that 45 percent of children under age 5 are underweight and 15 percent are severely underweight. Table 12.1 highlights another problem among young children in Timor-Leste: 5 percent are overweight [Z-scores are above two standard deviations (+2 SD)]. Table 12.1 and Figure 12.1 indicate that stunting is apparent even among children less than 6 months of age (26 percent). Stunting increases with the age of the child; this is evidenced by the increase in stunting from 35 percent among children age 6-8 months to 69 percent among children age 18-23 months and gradually decreases to 58 percent by age 48-59 months. More male children (60 percent) than female children (56 percent) are stunted. Size at birth is an important indicator of the nutritional status of children: stunting is higher among children who were reported to have been very small at birth (65 percent) than among children who were average or larger in size at birth (58 percent). More rural children (61 percent) than urban children (49 percent) are stunted. District variation in nutritional status of children is substantial. Stunting among children is highest in Bobonaro district (73 percent) and lowest in Aileu district (31 percent). The percentage of children stunted decreases as mother’s BMI and education level increase. Stunting is more prevalent in children with thin (BMI
It is further observed that the highest proportion of overweight children (+2 SD) is in the age group less than age 6 months, with 17 percent of children in that age group being overweight. There is hardly any difference between urban and rural areas in the proportions of children overweight. Looking at district patterns, the prevalence of overweight children ranges from 1 percent in Oecussi and Aileu to 11 percent in Baucau. Although variations by mother’s level of education and wealth quintile are not large, the highest proportions of overweight children are seen among the most educated mothers and mothers who live in households in the second quintile. Table 12.1 and Figure 12.1 show that the percentage of children who are underweight increases sharply, from 15 percent among children under age 6 months to 25 percent among children age 6-8 months, to 29 percent among children age 9-11 months, and to above 40 percent among children age 12 months and older. This may be due to inappropriate and/or inadequate feeding practices because the increasing levels of children who are underweight for their age coincides with the age at which normal complementary feeding starts. Children who are reported to be very small in size at birth are more likely to be underweight (54 percent) compared with those children who are reported to be average or larger in size at birth (44 percent). Children living in rural areas are more likely to be underweight (47 percent) compared with those children living in urban areas (35 percent). Children of mothers with low BMI, those with no education, and those belonging to households in the lowest wealth quintile are most likely to be underweight. 12.1.2 Trends in Children’s Nutritional Status The results of the 2009-10 TLDHS show children’s nutritional status compared with the status from earlier surveys conducted in Timor-Leste. However, several factors make direct comparisons difficult. Because the data in the previous surveys were analyzed based on the NCHS/CDC/WHO international reference population, it was necessary to re-calculate the current data accordingly to make it comparable. Therefore, comparison of data on nutritional status of children should be made with caution. The data from the 2009-10 TLDHS and Figure 12.2, indicate that there has been a slight rise in the level of stunting, wasting, and underweight over the past 6 years. Stunting increased from 49 percent to 53 percent, wasting increased from 12 percent to 17 percent, and underweight increased from 46 percent to 52 percent 2 . The results indicate that achieving the Millennium Development Goal of a 50 percent reduction in the prevalence of underweight children under 5 years of age by the year 2015 continues to be a challenge. It can be further noted that, with use of the new WHO Child Growth Standards, the nutritional status of children can be compared using data from the 2007 Living Standard Survey and the current 2009-10 TLDHS. Figure 12.3 shows that malnutrition has remained high in general, and the proportion of children who have chronic malnutrition has increased from 54 percent to 58 percent. However, the proportion of children who are wasted has decreased from 25 percent to 19 percent, while the proportion of children who are severely wasted has remained the same over the time period. Similarly, the percentage of underweight children has declined, with an 8 percent decline occurring in the past two years. However, the percentage of severely underweight children has remained the same. These findings indicate that the effort to reduce malnutrition among children is showing some positive results but still has a long way to go. 2 Comparison should be carried with caution as there are overlaps in the confidence interval of these estimates. Nutrition of Children and Women | 151
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
Page 132 and 133: with their death, or they may live
Page 134 and 135: 100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
Page 136 and 137: 104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
Page 138 and 139: 8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
Page 141 and 142: ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
Page 143 and 144: 9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
Page 145 and 146: MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
Page 147 and 148: among women in the lowest wealth qu
Page 149 and 150: A much lower percentage of Timorese
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 153 and 154: 10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
Page 155 and 156: Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 157 and 158: Table 10.10 Application of material
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
Page 161 and 162: Where health services are present,
Page 163 and 164: CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
Page 165 and 166: In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
Page 167 and 168: Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
Page 169 and 170: The data indicate that two percent
Page 171 and 172: 11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
Page 173 and 174: Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
Page 175 and 176: Ten percent of children with diarrh
Page 177: There are marked differences in the
Page 180 and 181: international reference population
Page 184 and 185: 60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
Page 186 and 187: Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
Page 188 and 189: 100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Page 190 and 191: Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
Page 192 and 193: Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
Page 194 and 195: Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
Page 196 and 197: the most recent distribution preced
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
Page 211 and 212: The highest prevalence of fever is
Page 213 and 214: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
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To assess the extent of condom use
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
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Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
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Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
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15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
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Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
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Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
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Women’s empowerment is closely as
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Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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pathways: its negative association
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
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Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Among women who have never been mar
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who experienced sexual violence fir
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Domestic violence is not limited to
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Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
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Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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