Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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15.7 CURRENT USE OF CONTRACEPTION BY WOMEN’S STATUS A woman’s desire and ability to control her fertility and her choice of contraceptive method are in part affected by her status in the household and her own sense of empowerment. A woman who feels that she is unable to control her life may be less likely to feel that she can make and carry out decisions about her fertility. She may also feel the need to choose methods that are less obvious or which do not depend on her husband’s cooperation. Table 15.9 shows the distribution of currently married women by contraceptive method used, according to the three empowerment indicators. The data indicate that there is a positive relationship between use of contraception and participation in household decisionmaking. For example, current use of modern contraceptive methods rises from 13 percent among women who participate in none of the household decisions to 21 percent among women who participate in one or more household decisions. Also noteworthy is the finding that women who believe that wife beating is justified for all of the five specified reasons are most likely to use a method of contraception. There is no clear trend in using a method of contraception and the belief in a woman’s right to refuse sexual intercourse with her husband. Perhaps this could also be attributed to the fact that women less often justify a wife refusing sex with her husband for any reason due to cultural norms. Table 15.9 Current use of contraception by women's status Percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 by current contraceptive method, according to selected indicators of women's status, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Empowerment indicator Any method Any modern method 222 | Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes Female sterilization Modern methods Temporary modern female methods 1 Male condom Any traditional method Not currently using Total Number of women Number of decisions in which women participate 2 0 16.2 12.5 0.0 12.5 0.0 3.8 83.8 100.0 95 1-2 23.8 21.4 0.7 20.7 0.0 2.4 76.2 100.0 765 3-4 22.2 21.2 0.8 20.1 0.3 1.1 77.8 100.0 7,047 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified 3 0 19.1 18.2 0.8 17.4 0.0 0.9 80.9 100.0 895 1-2 23.0 21.7 1.2 20.2 0.2 1.3 77.0 100.0 1,867 3-4 22.3 21.3 0.7 20.3 0.3 0.9 77.7 100.0 3,414 5 23.5 21.6 0.6 20.8 0.2 1.9 76.5 100.0 1,730 Number of reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband 4 0 22.5 21.8 0.6 20.5 0.7 0.8 77.5 100.0 876 1-2 27.8 26.3 1.1 24.8 0.3 1.5 72.2 100.0 2,484 3 19.3 18.2 0.6 17.4 0.1 1.2 80.7 100.0 4,546 Total 22.3 21.1 0.8 20.1 0.2 1.2 77.7 100.0 7,906 Note: If more than one method is used, only the most effective method is considered in this tabulation. 1 Pill, IUD, injectables, implants, female condom, diaphragm, foam/jelly, lactational amenorrhea method and standard days method 2 See Table 15.5.1 for the list of decisions. 3 See Table 15.6.1 for the list of reasons 4 See Table 15.7.1 for the list of reasons 15.8 IDEAL FAMILY SIZE AND UNMET NEED BY WOMEN’S STATUS The ability of women to make decisions effectively has important implications for their fertility preferences and the practice of family planning. An increase in women’s status and empowerment is recognized as important for efforts to reduce fertility through at least two main
pathways: its negative association with desired family size and its positive association with women’s ability to meet their own family-size goals through the effective use of contraception. Table 15.10 shows how women’s ideal family size and their unmet need for family planning vary by women’s status indicators. The data indicate that there is a positive association between ideal family size and two of the three empowerment indicators. The relationship between ideal family size and decisionmaking is as expected: women who participate in no decisions have higher ideal family size (6.2) than women who participate in any decisions (5.7 or lower). There is little association between ideal family size and attitudes towards wife beating. On the contrary, ideal family size is highest among women who believe that a woman can refuse sexual intercourse with her husband for all specified reasons (5.2 children) and lowest among women who believe that sexual intercourse cannot be refused for any of the three reasons (4.5 children). Table 15.10 Women’s empowerment and ideal number of children and unmet need for family planning Mean ideal number of children for women age 15-49 and the percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with an unmet need for family planning, by indicators of women's empowerment, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Empowerment indicator Mean ideal number of children 1 Number of women Percentage of currently married women with an unmet need for family planning2 For For spacing limiting Total Number of currently married women Number of decisions in which women participate 3 0 6.2 90 12.5 7.5 20.0 95 1-2 5.6 718 14.0 12.1 26.1 765 3-4 5.7 6,846 21.3 10.1 31.4 7,047 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified 4 0 4.9 1,702 23.2 8.3 31.5 895 1-2 5.0 2,881 22.0 9.2 31.3 1,867 3-4 5.0 5,357 19.9 10.3 30.3 3,414 5 5.0 2,682 18.7 12.1 30.8 1,730 Number of reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband 5 0 4.5 2,374 19.7 11.6 31.2 876 1-2 4.9 3,767 20.1 9.9 30.0 2,484 3 5.2 6,481 20.9 10.2 31.1 4,546 Total 5.0 12,622 20.5 10.2 30.8 7,906 1 Mean excludes respondents who gave non-numeric responses. 2 See Table 7.3.1 for the definition of unmet need for family planning. 3 Restricted to currently married women. See Table 15.5.1 for the list of decisions. 4 See Table 15.6.1 for the list of reasons. 5 See Table 15.7.1 for the list of reasons. Although there is no clear linear relationship between unmet need and women’s empowerment, the data show that unmet need is highest among women who participate in three to four household decisions. Again, educated women and those belonging to the highest wealth quintile are less often participating in all specified households decisions, which translates to their having a lower unmet need for family planning. There is no clear relationship between unmet need and women’s belief that refusing sexual intercourse and wife beating is acceptable for any reason. Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes | 223
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
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12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
Page 211 and 212: The highest prevalence of fever is
Page 213 and 214: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
Page 259 and 260: partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
Page 261 and 262: Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Page 265 and 266: who experienced sexual violence fir
Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
Page 283 and 284: Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
Page 285: World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
Page 288 and 289: 256 | Appendix A during the populat
Page 290 and 291: A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
Page 293 and 294: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
Page 295 and 296: Table B.1 List of selected variable
Page 297 and 298: Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
Page 299 and 300: Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
Page 301 and 302: Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
Page 303 and 304: Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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