Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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136 | Child Health The difference in vaccination coverage by 12-month cohorts from the 2009-10 TLDHS supports a trend towards increased vaccination coverage in 2009-10 compared with previous surveys. An analysis of long-term trends in coverage is shown in Figure 11.2. The percentage of children 12- 23 months who are fully vaccinated dropped substantially between the 1997 IDHS and the 2002 MICS, primarily because of the total disruption of all health services following the struggle for independence from Indonesian rule. Coverage has since risen to a high of 53 percent in the most recent DHS. Compared with coverage in the 2003 DHS, coverage against all vaccine antigens increased significantly in the 2009-10 TLDHS. The percentage of children fully vaccinated nearly tripled, increasing from 18 percent in 2003 to 53 percent in 2009-10. However, it is important to note that while the 2003 DHS considered full immunization to include four polio doses, including polio 0 given at birth, the 2009-10 survey does not require children to have received polio 0 in order to have received all basic vaccinations. Recalculating the 2009-10 TLDHS data to include polio 0 in the estimate of children fully immunized confirms that coverage has increased two and a half times, from 18 percent in 2003 to 46 percent in 2009-10. The percentage who received no vaccination is reported at 18 percent in 2003, which is less than the current 2009-10 TLDHS estimate of 23 percent. Although the percentage of children fully immunized increased between the 2003 DHS and the 2007 TLSLS, the relatively lower coverage in the latter survey conducted two years before the 2009-10 TLDHS could be attributed to the disruption of health services following the 2006 civil unrest. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 11.2 Trends in Children 12-23 Months Fully Immunized Percent of children 12-23 months 56 17 5 59 18 IDHS 1997 MICS 2002 DHS 2003* TLSLS 2007* TLDHS 2009-10* * Includes 4 doses of polio u = unavailable 11.4 ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION 18 27 Fully immunized No vaccinations u0 46 23 Timor-Leste 2009-10 Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the leading causes of death among young children in Timor-Leste. In the case of pneumonia, early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics can prevent a large proportion of deaths due to acute respiratory infection (ARI). The prevalence of ARI in the 2009-10 TLDHS was estimated by asking mothers whether their children under age 5 had been ill with a cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing in the two weeks preceding the survey. These symptoms, though compatible with pneumonia, are subjective (i.e., mother’s perception of illness) and were not validated by a medical examination. Table 11.5 shows the percentage of children under 5 years who had a cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing (symptoms of ARI).
The data indicate that two percent of children had symptoms of ARI in the two weeks preceding the survey. Differentials in the prevalence of ARI by background characteristics are minimal; however, it is worth noting that the prevalence of ARI symptoms is slightly higher among children age 12-23 months, among children living in urban areas, among children living in Lautem, and among children of mothers who have more than secondary education. Seven in ten children with symptoms of ARI (71 percent) were taken to a health facility or provider, and 45 percent were prescribed antibiotics (data not shown). 11.5 FEVER Fever is a symptom of malaria and other acute infections in children. Malaria and other illnesses that cause fever contribute to high levels of malnutrition and mortality. Although fever can occur year-round, malaria is more prevalent after the end of the rainy season. For this reason, temporal factors must be taken into account when interpreting fever as an indicator of malaria prevalence. Because malaria is one of the major causes of death in infancy and childhood in many developing countries, the socalled presumptive treatment of fever with antimalarial medication is advocated in many countries where malaria is endemic. The survey was fielded over six months, from August 2009 to February 2010. Malaria transmission is at its peak at the end of the wet season, which occurs from November to May (Cooper et al., 2010). Malaria in Timor-Leste is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 13. Table 11.6 shows the percentage of children under age 5 with fever during the two weeks preceding the survey and the percentage receiving various treatments, by selected background characteristics. One-fifth of children (19 percent) under 5 years of age were reported to have had fever in the past two weeks. Fever is most common among children age 6-11 months (28 percent) and then decreases with age. The prevalence of fever is higher among children who live in urban areas (24 percent) compared with those who live in rural areas (18 percent). District differentials show that the proportion of children with fever is highest in Liquiçá (34 percent) and lowest in Ainaro (5 percent). Fever prevalence increases slightly as wealth quintile increases but shows no clear relationship by education of the mother. Table 11.5 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI Percentage of children under age 5 who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the two weeks preceding the survey, according to background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Children under age 5 Percentage with symptoms of ARI 1 Number of children Age in months
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
Page 118 and 119: Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 120 and 121: There is little difference in the p
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Page 124 and 125: 92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
Page 126 and 127: 94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
Page 128 and 129: 96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
Page 130 and 131: 98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
Page 132 and 133: with their death, or they may live
Page 134 and 135: 100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
Page 136 and 137: 104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
Page 138 and 139: 8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
Page 141 and 142: ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
Page 143 and 144: 9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
Page 145 and 146: MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
Page 147 and 148: among women in the lowest wealth qu
Page 149 and 150: A much lower percentage of Timorese
Page 151 and 152: Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 153 and 154: 10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
Page 155 and 156: Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
Page 157 and 158: Table 10.10 Application of material
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
Page 161 and 162: Where health services are present,
Page 163 and 164: CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
Page 165 and 166: In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
Page 167: Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
Page 171 and 172: 11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
Page 173 and 174: Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
Page 175 and 176: Ten percent of children with diarrh
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Page 180 and 181: international reference population
Page 182 and 183: 80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
Page 184 and 185: 60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
Page 186 and 187: Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
Page 188 and 189: 100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Page 190 and 191: Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
Page 192 and 193: Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
Page 194 and 195: Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
Page 196 and 197: the most recent distribution preced
Page 198 and 199: Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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Page 213 and 214: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
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Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
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Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
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14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
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In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
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100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
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14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
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To assess the extent of condom use
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
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Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
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Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
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15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
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Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
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Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
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Women’s empowerment is closely as
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Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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pathways: its negative association
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
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Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Among women who have never been mar
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who experienced sexual violence fir
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Domestic violence is not limited to
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Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
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Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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