Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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50 | Fertility The general fertility rate (GFR) is the number of live births occurring during a specified period per 1,000 women age 15-44. The crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of births per 1,000 population during a specified period. Table 4.1 shows the current fertility for Timor-Leste at the national level and by urban-rural residence. The total fertility rate for Timor-Leste for the three years preceding the survey is 5.7 births per woman and is the highest in South East Asia and Asia (together with Afghanistan) (PRB, 2010) but below the levels of Africa. At this level, it is estimated that the population will increase from its current size of 1.2 million to 1.9 million by the year 2025 and 3.2 million by the year 2050 (PRB, 2010). As expected, fertility is considerably higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Rural women have on average about one child more than urban women (6.0 compared with 4.9 births per woman). As the ASFRs show, the pattern of high rural fertility is prevalent in all age groups (Figure 4.1). The urban-rural difference in fertility is most pronounced for women age 20-24 (187 births per 1,000 women in urban areas versus 236 births per 1,000 women in rural areas). 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Figure 4.1 Age-specific Fertility Rates by Urban-Rural Residence Births per 1,000 women & $ & $ & $ & $ & $ $ 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Age group $ Urban & Rural Total & $ & Timor-Leste 2009-10 The overall age pattern of fertility as reflected in the ASFRs indicates that childbearing begins early. Fertility is low among adolescents and increases to a peak of 276 births per 1,000 among women age 25-29 and declines thereafter. 4.2 FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS Table 4.2 presents the differentials in the total fertility rates, the percentage of women who are currently pregnant and the mean number of children ever born (CEB) to women age 40-49, by urban-rural residence, district, education, and wealth quintile. There are considerable differentials in fertility among districts, with fertility ranging from a low of 4.4 births per woman in Covalima to a high of 7.2 births per woman in Ainaro. The level of fertility is inversely related to women’s educational attainment, decreasing rapidly from 6.1 births among women with no education to 2.9 births among women with more than secondary education. Fertility is also inversely associated with wealth quintile. Women in the lowest wealth quintile have an average of 7.3 births, about three children more than women in the highest quintile (4.2 births).
Table 4.2 Fertility by background characteristics Total fertility rate for the three years preceding the survey, percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant, and mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49 years, by background characteristics, Timor- Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Total fertility rate Percentage women age 15-49 currently pregnant Mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49 Residence Urban 4.9 7.1 5.5 Rural District 6.0 6.7 5.9 Aileu 5.6 5.4 6.3 Ainaro 7.2 8.4 6.7 Baucau 5.5 6.1 5.0 Bobonaro 6.0 5.4 6.0 Covalima 4.4 5.8 5.5 Dili 4.6 6.9 5.4 Ermera 6.6 6.8 6.9 Lautem 6.7 8.6 6.5 Liquiçá 5.5 7.0 6.5 Manatuto 5.5 6.6 5.8 Manufahi 5.9 8.8 5.5 Oecussi 6.6 7.0 5.4 Viqueque Education 5.6 7.7 5.3 No education 6.1 6.7 6.0 Primary 6.5 7.7 6.2 Secondary 5.2 6.4 5.2 More than secondary Wealth quintile 2.9 8.3 3.1 Lowest 7.3 6.9 5.9 Second 6.0 7.8 6.0 Middle 6.1 7.0 5.9 Fourth 5.3 6.4 6.0 Highest 4.2 6.3 5.3 Total 5.7 6.8 5.8 Note: Total fertility rates are for the period 1-36 months prior to interview. Table 4.2 also presents a crude assessment of trends in the various subgroups by comparing current fertility with a measure of completed fertility: the mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49. The mean number of children ever born to older women who are nearing the end of their reproductive period is an indicator of average completed fertility of women who began childbearing three decades before the survey. If fertility remained constant over time, and the reported data on both children ever born and births during the three years preceding the survey are reasonably accurate, the TFR and the mean number of children ever born for women 40-49 are expected to be similar. When fertility levels have been falling, the TFR will be substantially lower than the mean number of children ever born among women age 40-49. The comparison between the two measures suggests that overall fertility has remained constant in the past few decades, because the TFR in the three years preceding the survey and the mean number of children ever born to women 40-49 are similar (5.7 and 5.8, respectively). However, it is interesting to note that there are marked differences between the two measures by background characteristics. While there has been little difference in rural fertility, urban fertility has fallen by 0.6 births over the last few decades. This decline is not reflected in the overall fertility because the urban population is much smaller than the rural population, and overall fertility is therefore more likely to reflect fertility in rural areas. There has been a notable decline in fertility in the last few decades in Aileu, Covalima, Dili, and Liquiçá and smaller declines in Ermera and Manatuto. On the other hand, fertility has increased markedly in Ainaro, Baucau, and Oecussi, with smaller increases in Lautem, Manufahi, and Viqueque. No changes were seen in Bobonaro. Increases in fertility were also observed among women with little to no education and women in the lowest wealth quintile. Fertility | 51
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
Page 31 and 32: MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
Page 35 and 36: The government of Timor-Leste has l
Page 37 and 38: 1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
Page 39 and 40: 1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
Page 41: In these households, 13,796 women w
Page 44 and 45: Table 2.1 Household population by a
Page 46 and 47: The percentage of children not livi
Page 48 and 49: The Early Childhood Care and Educat
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
Page 52 and 53: The GAR at the primary school level
Page 54 and 55: ate (2 percent) than their rural co
Page 56 and 57: water. Thirty-six percent of househ
Page 58 and 59: The type of flooring material used
Page 60 and 61: Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
Page 63 and 64: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
Page 65 and 66: Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
Page 67 and 68: Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
Page 69 and 70: Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
Page 73 and 74: 3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
Page 75 and 76: 3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
Page 77 and 78: Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
Page 79 and 80: Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
Page 81: FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
Page 85 and 86: calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
Page 87 and 88: of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
Page 89 and 90: Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
Page 91 and 92: FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
Page 93 and 94: According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
Page 95 and 96: Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
Page 97 and 98: Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
Page 99 and 100: Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
Page 101 and 102: Use increases with parity but with
Page 103 and 104: Female and male sterilizations are
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
Page 107 and 108: Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
Page 109: Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
Page 112 and 113: 6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
Page 114 and 115: 20.9 years. Although the proportion
Page 116 and 117: 84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
Page 118 and 119: Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
Page 120 and 121: There is little difference in the p
Page 122 and 123: 2 percent among women age 30-34 to
Page 124 and 125: 92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
Page 126 and 127: 94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
Page 128 and 129: 96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
Page 130 and 131: 98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
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12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
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MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
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13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
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Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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The highest prevalence of fever is
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
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percent of women and 61 percent of
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person who has AIDS or by sharing c
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Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
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Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
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14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
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In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
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100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
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14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
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To assess the extent of condom use
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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
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Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
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Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
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Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
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Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
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15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
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Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
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Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
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Women’s empowerment is closely as
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Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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pathways: its negative association
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
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Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Among women who have never been mar
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who experienced sexual violence fir
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Domestic violence is not limited to
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Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
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Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
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Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
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16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
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16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
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16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
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REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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