Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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Table 14.15 Drunkenness during sexual intercourse among youth Among all young women and young men age 15-24, the percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months while being drunk and the percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months when drunk or with a partner who was drunk, by background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months when drunk 202 | HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Women age 15-24 Men age 15-24 Percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months when drunk or with a partner who was drunk Number of women Percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months when drunk Percentage who had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months when drunk or with a partner who was drunk Number of men Age 15-19 0.0 0.5 3,144 0.2 0.2 994 15-17 0.0 0.3 1,980 0.3 0.3 626 18-19 0.1 0.7 1,164 0.2 0.2 367 20-24 0.1 1.1 2,343 1.5 1.8 643 20-22 0.0 0.9 1,476 1.7 1.7 411 23-24 Marital status 0.2 1.4 867 1.1 1.9 232 Never married 0.0 0.0 4,081 0.7 0.7 1,504 Ever married Knows condom source 0.2 2.8 1,406 0.6 2.1 132 1 Yes 0.0 0.8 694 1.6 1.6 527 No Residence 0.1 0.7 4,793 0.3 0.5 1,109 Urban 0.0 0.4 1,456 1.5 2.0 431 Rural District 0.1 0.8 4,031 0.4 0.4 1,205 Aileu 0.0 0.0 270 0.0 0.0 76 Ainaro 0.3 0.5 250 0.6 0.6 92 Baucau 0.3 0.6 584 0.0 0.0 151 Bobonaro 0.0 0.0 567 0.0 0.0 161 Covalima 0.0 0.3 341 0.0 0.0 96 Dili 0.0 0.2 1,018 1.3 2.0 296 Ermera 0.0 0.0 673 0.8 0.8 244 Lautem 0.0 0.3 343 0.0 0.0 134 Liquiçá 0.0 0.7 351 2.6 2.6 103 Manatuto 0.0 0.2 267 3.0 3.0 80 Manufahi 0.0 5.3 195 0.0 0.0 53 Oecussi 0.2 5.4 300 0.0 0.0 63 Viqueque Education 0.0 0.3 328 0.0 0.0 86 No education 0.1 1.3 736 0.8 0.8 192 Primary 0.2 1.4 1,112 0.4 0.4 336 Secondary 0.0 0.4 3,475 0.6 0.8 1,073 More than secondary Wealth quintile 0.0 0.0 164 (5.7) (5.7) 34 Lowest 0.1 1.8 879 0.2 0.2 289 Second 0.1 0.7 1,031 0.2 0.2 317 Middle 0.0 0.4 1,134 0.6 0.6 327 Fourth 0.1 0.6 1,204 0.2 0.2 351 Highest 0.0 0.3 1,239 2.1 2.7 352 Total 15-24 0.1 0.7 5,487 0.7 0.8 1,636 Note: Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. 1 For this table, the following responses are not considered a source for condoms: friends, family members, and home.
WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH OUTCOMES 15 This chapter highlights information on additional indicators of women’s empowerment, other than education and employment, and relates those indices to demographic and health outcomes. Timorese society assigns strict gender roles for men and women that lead to discriminatory practices against women. In daily life, cultural norms in Timor-Leste assign the dominant role to men (patriarchal system) in planning or making decisions where tradition and customary law favors men over women. As a consequence, women lag behind men in educational attainment, literacy, and exposure to mass media, which are critical to women’s empowerment and can exert considerable influence on their development and their ability to strengthen their position within the household and in society in general. In addition, the existing patriarchal system, which is prevalent in Southeast Asia, undermines women vis-à-vis men and subsumes their contribution to society even when they are educated or come from wealthy households (Kandiyoti, 1988). As women’s involvement in the nondomestic sphere lessens, they become more dependent on men economically, which exacerbates their inability to participate in the decisionmaking process in the household. On the other hand, women in economically poor households are driven outside the domestic sphere in search of employment to fulfill their economic needs, which could in turn give them some degree of independence and role in the decisionmaking process (Kandiyoti, 1988). As discussed in Chapter 3, data from the 2009-10 TLDHS show that men have higher educational attainment at all levels than women, that greater proportions of men than women are literate, and that men are more likely to be currently employed than women. In addition, the data show that women who belong to households in the highest wealth quintile are less likely to be employed. In this chapter, we examine other factors that empower women, such as women’s control over their own cash earnings and that of their husband’s, their participation in decisionmaking, their acceptance of wife beating, and their attitude toward the right of women to refuse sexual intercourse with their husband. These data are used in the estimation of empowerment indicators and the extent to which women’s empowerment influences health outcomes (such as their reproductive health care practices, contraceptive use, and unmet need). 15.1 EMPLOYMENT AND FORM OF EARNINGS Table 15.1 shows the percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who were employed in the 12 months before the survey and the percent distribution of the employed respondents by type of earnings they received (cash, in-kind, both, or neither). Forty-four percent of currently married women reported being employed in the past 12 months. The percentage of currently married women who were employed increases with age up to 56 percent for women age 45-49. Although employment is assumed to go hand in hand with payment for work, not all women receive earnings for the work they do, and even among women who do receive earnings, not all are paid in cash. Only about one in five employed women (19 percent) receives payment in cash, and less than 1 percent receive both cash and payment in-kind. One percent receive payment in-kind only. Four in five employed women do not receive any form of payment for their work. As discussed in Chapter 3, these women are mostly involved in agricultural work and are predominantly working for a family member or are self-employed. Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes | 203
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
Page 184 and 185: 60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
Page 186 and 187: Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
Page 188 and 189: 100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Page 192 and 193: Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
Page 194 and 195: Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
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World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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256 | Appendix A during the populat
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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