Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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Table 15.3 shows the percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 who received cash earnings in the past 12 months by the person who decides how their cash earnings are used, and the percent distribution of currently married women age 15-49 whose husbands received cash earnings in the past 12 months by the person who decides how the husband’s cash earnings are used, according to the relative magnitude of the earnings of the women and her husband. Table 15.3 Women’s control over her own earnings and over those of her husband Percent distributions of currently married women age 15-49 with cash earnings in the past 12 months by person who decides how the woman's cash earnings are used and of currently married women age 15-49 whose husbands have cash earnings by person who decides how the husband's cash earnings are used, according to the relation between woman's and husband's cash earnings, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Women’s earnings relative to husband’s earnings Person who decides how the wife's cash earnings are used: Mainly wife Wife and husband Mainly jointly husband Total 208 | Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes Number of women Person who decides how husband's cash earnings are used: Mainly wife Wife and husband Mainly jointly husband Other Missing Total Number of women More than husband/partner 43.0 52.4 4.6 100.0 174 31.4 63.2 5.0 0.3 0.0 100.0 174 Less than husband/partner 32.9 60.4 6.7 100.0 236 31.7 65.6 2.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 234 Same as husband partner Husband/ partner has no 29.9 63.9 6.1 100.0 179 19.3 72.7 8.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 177 cash earnings/did not work 43.4 54.9 1.7 100.0 73 na na na na na na 0 Woman has no cash earnings Woman did not work in past na na na na 0 18.6 76.0 5.3 0.0 0.1 100.0 2,390 12 months na na na na 0 30.0 63.6 6.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 4,007 Total1 36.4 58.2 5.5 100.0 672 26.0 68.1 5.7 0.0 0.2 100.0 6,992 Note: Totals include 11 women with information missing on earnings relative to husband. na = Not applicable 1 Excludes cases where a woman or her husband/partner has no earnings and includes cases where a woman does not know whether she earned more or less than her husband/partner Women who believe that they earn more than their husband are more likely to also say that they solely decide how their cash earnings are used (43 percent) than women who believe that their cash earnings are the same as their husband’s (30 percent) or that their cash earnings are less than their husband’s (33 percent). On the other hand, women who believe that they earn about the same amount as their husband are more likely to also say that they make joint decisions with their husband about how their cash earnings and those of their husband are used (64 percent and 73 percent, respectively). In Timorese culture married women are responsible for managing solely or jointly all cash earnings of their husband, irrespective of their own cash earning status. This is clearly indicated by the finding that 95 percent of women with no cash earnings participate alone or jointly with their husband in deciding how to use their husband’s cash earnings. 15.4 WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN DECISIONMAKING Women’s participation in the decisionmaking process is an important indicator of their empowerment. In order to assess women’s decisionmaking autonomy, the 2009-10 TLDHS sought information on women’s participation in four types of household decisions: her own health care, making large household purchases, making household purchases for daily needs, and visits to family or relatives. Table 15.4.1 shows the percent distribution of currently married women according to the person in the household who usually makes decisions concerning these matters. Women are considered to participate in decisionmaking if they make decisions alone or jointly with their husband.
Table 15.4.1 Women’s participation in decisionmaking Percent distribution of currently married women by person who usually makes decisions about four kinds of issues, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Decision Mainly wife Wife and husband jointly Mainly husband Someone else Other Missing Total Number of women Own health care 22.8 63.8 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 7,906 Major household purchases 20.9 64.9 13.9 0.0 0.1 0.1 100.0 7,906 Purchases of daily household needs 62.9 32.0 4.8 0.0 0.2 0.1 100.0 7,906 Visits to her family or relatives 12.8 78.3 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.1 100.0 7,906 The strength of women’s role in decisionmaking varies with the type of decision. Timorese women are usually involved in all four specific decisions, although the extent of their involvement depends on the issue being decided. Sixty-three percent of currently married women reported that they alone made the final decision about daily household purchases, a significant increase from the 2003 DHS where only 44 percent said this. Regarding decisionmaking in other issues like one’s own health care, making major household purchases, and visiting family or relatives, women are more likely to decide jointly with their husbands. In the 2009-10 TLDHS, men were asked who (wife, husband, or both) should have the greater say in five specific decisions—making major household purchases, making daily household purchases, deciding when to visit the wife’s family or relatives, deciding what to do with the money the wife earns, and deciding how many children to have. Table 15.4.2 shows the percent distribution of currently married men age 15-49 by the person they think should have the greater say in making decisions about five types of issues. Table 15.4.2 Women’s participation in decisionmaking according to men Percent distribution of currently married men 15-49 by person who they think should have a greater say in making decisions about five kinds of issues, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Decision Wife Wife and husband equally Husband Don't know/ depends Total Number of men Major household purchases 4.3 88.4 6.8 0.5 100.0 2,158 Purchases of daily household needs 55.4 42.0 1.8 0.7 100.0 2,158 Visits to wife's family or relatives 9.9 84.3 4.2 1.5 100.0 2,158 What to do with the money wife earns 14.7 76.5 2.6 6.2 100.0 2,158 How many children to have 2.2 94.4 2.3 1.2 100.0 2,158 Table 15.4.2 shows that for most decisions, the majority of currently married men age 15-49 think that the husband and wife should have equal say in making decisions. This is especially true for decisions about the number of children to have (94 percent), decisions on major household purchases (88 percent), and visits to the wife’s family or relatives (84 percent). More than half (55 percent) of married men say that the wife should have the greater say in making decisions about small household purchases, while 42 percent think that the husband and wife should have equal say. On the other hand, 7 percent of married men say that the husband should have a greater say in making decisions about major household purchases, although most generally agree that it should not be the wife alone making such decision, with only 4 percent mentioning that the wife should have a greater say. Table 15.5.1 shows the percentage of married women who participate in the four decisions specified for female respondents, according to background characteristics. As noted above, a woman is considered to participate in a decision if she says she usually makes the decision alone or jointly with her husband. Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes | 209
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Page 192 and 193: Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
Page 194 and 195: Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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Page 198 and 199: Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
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Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
Page 259 and 260: partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
Page 261 and 262: Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
Page 283 and 284: Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
Page 285: World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
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A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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