Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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240 | Domestic Violence By residence, urban women are more likely to experience violence than rural women. Women in Manufahi (78 percent), Lautem (61 percent), Oecussi (55 percent), and Dili (48 percent) are more likely to have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence than their counterparts in other districts. There is no distinct pattern between women experiencing violence committed by their husband by education. Women in the highest wealth quintile are slightly more likely to experience the three types of violence. Women with a history of family violence—whose father beat their mother — are more than twice as likely to experience all three types of violence from a husband or partner than women whose fathers or mothers were not abusive. This indicates that violence is accepted as a normal part of life. 16.10 VIOLENCE BY SPOUSAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EMPOWERMENT INDICATORS The perpetrators of spousal violence are usually husbands or partners, and it is therefore important to understand their characteristics. It is also useful to examine whether spousal violence varies with indicators of women’s status. Table 16.10 shows the percentage of ever-married women who have ever experienced different forms of spousal violence by their current or most recent husband, by spousal characteristics and women’s empowerment indicators. Husbands who have primary education are more likely to exhibit violent behavior against their wives/partners while those with no education and those with higher education are less likely to be violent. The husband’s alcohol consumption is strongly related to the wife’s reporting of violence. For example, the proportion of ever-married women who report having experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence from their husbands varies from 26 percent among those whose husbands do not drink at all to 60 percent among those whose husbands get drunk very often. Women who are of the same age as their husband are more likely to experience emotional, physical, or sexual violence. Women in marriages in which neither spouse is educated are less likely to report experiencing violence from their husbands than those where both have equal levels of education (31 percent and 40 percent, respectively). Results show that there is a strong relationship between women’s empowerment status and their experience of spousal violence. Women whose husbands display five to six controlling behaviors are more likely to report experiencing emotional, physical, or sexual violence by their husbands than women whose husbands display no controlling behaviors (58 and 29 percent, respectively). Women who participate in three or four household decisions are less likely to experience spousal violence than women who participate in fewer decisions. Women with one or two reasons justifying the refusal to have sexual intercourse with their husbands are more likely to experience all three types of violence from their husbands than those with no reasons. Views about wife beating also appear to be related to actual experience of physical abuse. Women who believe that wife beating is justified for any of the five specified circumstances are more likely to report having experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence from their husbands than women who do not think wife beating is justified for any reason (36 and 19 percent, respectively). To some extent, this pattern could be due to women’s rationalization of the abuse they have experienced.
Table 16.10 Spousal violence by husband’s characteristics and empowerment indicators Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever suffered emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband/partner, according to his characteristics, marital characteristics, and empowerment indicators, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Emotional violence Physical violence Sexual violence Physical or sexual violence Emotional, physical, or sexual violence Number of women Husband’s/partner’s education No education 7.4 27.9 1.5 28.6 30.0 590 Primary 10.0 39.1 3.8 40.4 42.1 573 Secondary 8.3 33.9 3.3 35.0 36.6 701 More than secondary 4.4 31.0 2.2 32.6 33.5 94 Husband’s/partner’s alcohol consumption Does not drink 4.7 24.5 2.7 25.6 26.1 926 Drinks/never gets drunk 2.9 26.0 2.9 26.0 27.1 68 Gets drunk sometimes 10.5 42.2 2.6 43.4 45.1 889 Gets drunk very often Spousal age difference 31.6 47.3 8.1 47.3 59.8 76 1 Wife older 10.4 33.3 2.6 33.5 34.9 200 Wife is same age 5.7 38.1 0.6 38.1 41.1 124 Wife’s 1-4 years younger 7.7 34.8 2.0 35.6 37.2 634 Wife’s 5-9 years younger 6.0 28.8 3.0 30.0 30.8 544 Wife’s 10+ years younger Spousal education difference 7.2 36.4 3.7 36.9 37.5 336 Husband better educated 8.5 35.6 4.2 37.0 38.8 737 Wife better educated 8.3 33.1 2.2 33.8 35.2 649 Both equally educated 7.3 39.2 1.2 39.2 40.0 121 Neither educated Number of marital control behaviors displayed by husband/partner 7.3 28.5 1.4 29.4 30.7 439 0 3.6 27.4 1.1 27.7 28.7 1,042 1-2 9.0 39.4 3.7 41.2 42.2 651 3-4 23.3 40.9 7.0 43.6 48.4 216 5-6 Number of decisions in which women participate 32.3 51.6 12.0 51.6 58.2 50 1 0 (20.4) (36.3) (4.5) (40.8) (43.8) 25 1-2 15.5 37.8 6.9 38.0 40.2 175 3-4 Number of reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband 6.1 32.8 2.1 33.5 34.7 1,643 0 2.5 29.1 1.7 29.4 30.5 210 1-2 10.2 46.0 2.6 46.6 48.5 592 3 Number of reasons for which wife beating is justified 8.4 27.9 3.3 29.3 30.8 1,157 0 3.5 15.5 1.0 16.5 18.6 203 1-2 8.4 37.7 3.8 39.6 40.7 530 3-4 8.7 34.5 2.9 35.4 37.5 779 5 9.6 34.9 2.6 35.3 36.1 447 Total 8.3 33.5 2.9 34.6 36.1 1,959 Note: Husband/partner refers to the current husband/partner for currently married women and the most recent husband/partner for divorced, separated, or widowed women. Total includes 2 women with information missing on husband’s education, 5 women with information missing on spousal age difference, and 15 women with information missing on spousal education difference. Figures in parentheses are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. 1 Includes only currently married women 16.11 FREQUENCY OF SPOUSAL VIOLENCE The percent distribution of ever-married women (excluding widows) who reported physical or sexual violence by their current or most recent spouse in the 12 months preceding the survey by frequency with which violence was experienced, according to selected background characteristics, is not shown separately because the numbers associated with most cells are too small for meaningful statistical analysis by each background characteristic. Ninety-one percent of women who ever experienced emotional violence by their current or most recent husband have experienced such Domestic Violence | 241
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
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Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
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Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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the most recent distribution preced
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Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
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Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
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12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
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MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
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13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
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Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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The highest prevalence of fever is
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HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
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percent of women and 61 percent of
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person who has AIDS or by sharing c
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Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
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Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
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Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
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Page 241 and 242: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 243 and 244: Table 15.5.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
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Page 271: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
Page 283 and 284: Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
Page 285: World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
Page 288 and 289: 256 | Appendix A during the populat
Page 290 and 291: A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
Page 293 and 294: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
Page 295 and 296: Table B.1 List of selected variable
Page 297 and 298: Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
Page 299 and 300: Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
Page 301 and 302: Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
Page 303 and 304: Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
Page 305 and 306: Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
Page 307 and 308: Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
Page 309 and 310: Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
Page 311: Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
Page 314 and 315: 282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
Page 316 and 317: 284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
Page 318 and 319: 286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
Page 321 and 322: PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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