Demographic and Health Survey 2009-10 - Timor-Leste Ministry of ...

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Eighty-seven percent of currently married women age 15-49 say that they make decisions about their own health care either by themselves or jointly with their husbands, and 86 percent say that they participate in decisions about major household purchases. Most currently married women say that they participate in decisions about daily household needs (95 percent) and in decisions about visits to their own family or relatives (91 percent). Overall, 74 percent of currently married women participate in all four decisions, and 1 percent do not participate in any of the four decisions. There is little difference in participation in decisionmaking among women by age and by the number of children they have. It is interesting to note that women who are employed for cash, those in urban areas, those with higher education, and those belonging to wealthier households are less likely to participate in all four decisions. It will be interesting to see if these women are also vulnerable to domestic violence, which is discussed in greater detail in the next chapter. The number of decisions in which a woman participates by herself or jointly with her husband is positively related to women’s empowerment and reflects the degree of decisionmaking control that women are able to exercise in areas that affect their lives and environments. Figure 15.1 shows the distribution of currently married women according to the number of decisions in which they participate. Figure 15.1 Number of Household Decisions in Which Women Participate 80 Percent 60 40 20 210 | Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes 0 1 2 8 0 1 2 3 4 Number of decisions 15 74 Timor-Leste 2009-10 Men were also asked about their attitude toward their wives’ participation in the decisionmaking process. Table 15.5.2 shows the percentage of currently married men age 15- 49 who think that the wife should have a greater or equal say with her husband on five specific kinds of decisions. More than three-quarters (78 percent) of currently married men age 15-49 believe that a wife should independently or jointly with her husband have a say in all five specified decisions. More than 90 percent of men agree on women’s participation in each of the decisions specified. This is an indication that Timorese men think that women’s participation in household decisionmaking is essential, although the previous table indicated that in reality this was not the case.
Table 15.5.1 Women’s participation in decisionmaking by background characteristics Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 who usually make specific decisions either by themselves or jointly with their husband, by background characteristics, Timor-Leste 2009-10 Background characteristic Own health care Making major household purchases Specific decisions Making purchases for daily household needs Visits to her family or relatives Percentage who participate in all four decisions Percentage who participate in none of the four decisions Number of women Age 15-19 91.0 84.6 96.1 92.2 73.9 0.2 243 20-24 86.1 87.2 96.2 92.3 74.1 0.8 1,100 25-29 85.6 86.3 94.4 90.0 73.9 1.4 1,516 30-34 88.6 86.8 95.0 92.1 75.7 1.2 1,362 35-39 86.9 85.7 95.5 91.7 73.9 1.0 1,514 40-44 85.8 85.1 94.3 91.0 73.2 1.0 1,211 45-49 Employment (past 12 months) 85.3 84.0 93.4 89.3 72.2 2.1 960 Not employed 85.8 84.2 94.9 90.1 70.9 1.1 4,439 Employed for cash 79.3 83.6 90.3 90.5 66.0 0.5 672 Employed not for cash Number of living children 90.0 89.4 96.3 93.3 81.0 1.2 2,784 0 86.1 86.4 94.4 92.2 73.0 1.1 469 1-2 87.2 86.2 94.7 91.8 74.7 1.3 2,103 3-4 85.3 87.1 95.1 90.3 73.8 1.1 2,421 5+ Residence 87.3 84.5 94.8 91.2 73.6 1.3 2,913 Urban 84.2 86.2 90.2 86.5 68.1 1.3 2,025 Rural District 87.4 85.7 96.5 92.7 75.9 1.2 5,881 Aileu 78.6 82.2 84.3 81.9 70.8 9.7 299 Ainaro 93.2 96.5 96.9 88.2 81.5 1.2 382 Baucau 68.6 74.5 97.3 91.3 58.3 1.7 852 Bobonaro 100.0 99.6 99.7 99.9 99.3 0.0 739 Covalima 57.0 77.6 98.8 95.5 49.7 0.4 458 Dili 82.9 87.7 87.1 83.2 67.7 1.5 1,459 Ermera 92.2 90.8 94.9 89.0 82.1 0.7 881 Lautem 87.7 55.7 97.2 95.8 47.1 0.2 541 Liquiçá 90.1 94.6 97.5 95.4 84.9 0.8 460 Manatuto 95.2 97.9 98.8 98.8 93.7 0.7 353 Manufahi 94.3 65.7 91.4 91.1 61.5 0.6 319 Oecussi 97.1 94.2 100.0 96.6 89.5 0.0 603 Viqueque Education 96.2 90.9 95.4 88.0 78.9 1.3 559 No education 87.3 87.3 95.4 91.2 76.9 1.4 2,909 Primary 88.1 85.0 95.5 91.7 74.0 1.3 2,027 Secondary 85.2 85.1 94.5 91.1 71.5 1.0 2,739 More than secondary Wealth quintile 82.3 84.9 87.0 86.5 64.3 0.9 231 Lowest 88.2 85.3 96.7 92.6 76.6 1.3 1,467 Second 87.3 84.9 95.0 92.2 74.8 1.4 1,487 Middle 86.7 85.5 96.1 92.0 75.5 1.4 1,559 Fourth 87.5 85.9 96.5 92.4 74.1 1.1 1,571 Highest 83.9 87.4 90.8 87.3 69.6 0.9 1,821 Total 86.6 85.9 94.9 91.1 73.9 1.2 7,906 Note: Total includes 11 women with information missing on employment status. Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes | 211
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Timor-Leste Demographic and Health
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CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES .......
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CHAPTER 7 FERTILITY PREFERENCES 7.1
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14.8 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and
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x | Tables and Figures CHAPTER 4 FE
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xii | Tables and Figures Table 11.4
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xiv | Tables and Figures Table 16.4
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FOREWORD The 2009-10 Timor-Leste De
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT Elias do
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about three children more than wome
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Postnatal Care. The majority of wom
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However, the level of chronic energ
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICAT
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INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY, GEOGRAP
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The government of Timor-Leste has l
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1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY The
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1.8 HEMOGLOBIN TESTING In one-third
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In these households, 13,796 women w
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Table 2.1 Household population by a
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The percentage of children not livi
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The Early Childhood Care and Educat
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Table 2.4.2 Educational attainment
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The GAR at the primary school level
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ate (2 percent) than their rural co
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water. Thirty-six percent of househ
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The type of flooring material used
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Table 2.11 Wealth quintiles Percent
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS 3 Th
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Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment:
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Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women Percent
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Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media:
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Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Wome
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3.4.2 Occupation Respondents who we
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3.4.3 Earnings, Employers, and Cont
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Tables 3.8.1 and 3.8.2 show the per
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Table 3.9.1 Use of tobacco: Women P
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FERTILITY 4 One of the major object
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Table 4.2 Fertility by background c
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calculated in the 2003 DHS follows
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of primary sterility. In Timor-Lest
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Table 4.8 Median age at first birth
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FAMILY PLANNING 5 In 2002, the Coun
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According to the 2003 DHS, knowledg
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Table 5.3.1 Ever use of contracepti
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Table 5.4 Current use of contracept
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Table 5.5 Current use of contracept
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Use increases with parity but with
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Female and male sterilizations are
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Table 5.10 Future use of contracept
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Table 5.13 Exposure to family plann
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Table 5.15 Husband/partner’s know
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6.2 POLYGYNY Polygyny (the practice
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20.9 years. Although the proportion
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84 | Other Proximate Determinants o
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Table 6.7.1 Recent sexual activity:
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There is little difference in the p
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2 percent among women age 30-34 to
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92 | Fertility Preferences Table 7.
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94 | Fertility Preferences 7.3 NEED
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96 | Fertility Preferences an idea
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98 | Fertility Preferences The perc
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with their death, or they may live
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100 80 60 40 20 102 | Infant and Ch
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104 | Infant and Child Mortality Ta
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8.7 HIGH-RISK FERTILITY BEHAVIOR Th
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ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY 9 The
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9.2 ADULT MORTALITY Table 9.3 Sibsh
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MATERNAL HEALTH 10 Making Pregnancy
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among women in the lowest wealth qu
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A much lower percentage of Timorese
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Table 10.5 Knowledge of danger sign
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10.6.2 Assistance during Delivery O
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Table 10.8 Knowledge of danger sign
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Table 10.10 Application of material
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Table 10.12 Timing of first postnat
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Where health services are present,
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CHILD HEALTH 11 This chapter presen
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In the TLDHS, information on vaccin
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Boys (54 percent) are somewhat more
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The data indicate that two percent
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11.6 DIARRHEAL DISEASE Dehydration
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Table 11.8 Diarrhea treatment Among
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Ten percent of children with diarrh
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There are marked differences in the
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international reference population
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80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 150
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60 50 40 30 20 10 152 | Nutrition o
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Table 12.2 shows the percentages of
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100 Percent 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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Table 12.5 Foods and liquids consum
Page 192 and 193: Table 12.6 Infant and young child f
Page 194 and 195: Table 12.7 shows the percentage of
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Page 198 and 199: Table 12.10 Nutritional status of w
Page 200 and 201: Table 12.12 shows data on micronutr
Page 202 and 203: 12.12 PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA IN WOMEN
Page 205 and 206: MALARIA 13 Malaria remains a leadin
Page 207 and 208: 13.1.2 Use of Mosquito Nets by Chil
Page 209 and 210: Tables 13.3 and 13.4 show the perce
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Page 213 and 214: HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUD
Page 215 and 216: percent of women and 61 percent of
Page 217 and 218: person who has AIDS or by sharing c
Page 219 and 220: Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS
Page 221 and 222: HIV or AIDS on all four indicators
Page 223 and 224: Table 14.6 Payment for sexual inter
Page 225 and 226: 14.5 MALE CIRCUMCISION Male circumc
Page 227 and 228: In the 2009-10 TLDHS, women and men
Page 229 and 230: 100 Percent 80 60 40 20 0 64 Total
Page 231 and 232: 14.8.2 Age at First Sex and Condom
Page 233 and 234: To assess the extent of condom use
Page 235 and 236: WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPH
Page 237 and 238: Table 15.2.1 Control over women’s
Page 239 and 240: Table 15.2.2 Control over men's cas
Page 241: Table 15.4.1 Women’s participatio
Page 245 and 246: 15.5 ATTITUDES TOWARD WIFE BEATING
Page 247 and 248: Table 15.6.2 Attitude toward wife b
Page 249 and 250: Table 15.7.1 Attitude toward refusi
Page 251 and 252: Women’s empowerment is closely as
Page 253 and 254: Table 15.8 Indicators of women’s
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Page 257 and 258: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 16 In the words o
Page 259 and 260: partner] hit, slapped, kicked, or d
Page 261 and 262: Table 16.1 Experience of physical v
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Page 267 and 268: Domestic violence is not limited to
Page 269 and 270: Table 16.8 Forms of spousal violenc
Page 271 and 272: Table 16.9—Continued Emotional vi
Page 273 and 274: Table 16.10 Spousal violence by hus
Page 275 and 276: 16.14 Physical Violence by Women ag
Page 277 and 278: 16.15 HELP-SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF WOME
Page 279 and 280: 16.17 SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES The f
Page 281 and 282: REFERENCES Acharya, M. 2010. Effort
Page 283 and 284: Ministry of Health (MOH) [Timor-Les
Page 285: World Health Organization (WHO), Wo
Page 288 and 289: 256 | Appendix A during the populat
Page 290 and 291: A.5 SURVEY RESULTS 258 | Appendix A
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ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Append
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Table B.1 List of selected variable
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Table B.3 Sampling errors for Urban
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Table B.5 Sampling errors for Aileu
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Table B.7 Sampling errors for Bauca
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Table B.9 Sampling errors for Coval
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Table B.11 Sampling errors for Erme
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Table B.13 Sampling errors for Liqu
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Table B.15 Sampling errors for Manu
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Table B.17 Sampling errors for Viqu
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282 | Appendix C Table C.2.1 Age di
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284 | Appendix C Table C.5 Reportin
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286 | Appendix C Table C.7 Nutritio
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PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2009-10 TIM
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Martinho da Costa Cesaltina Falcao
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QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix E Appendix
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296 | Appendix E Introduction and C
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IF AGE 15 IF AGE 0-17 YEARS IF AGE
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300 | Appendix E HOUSEHOLD CHARACTE
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302 | Appendix E NO. QUESTIONS AND
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306 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND
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308 | Appendix E WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AN
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310 | Appendix E
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312 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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314 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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212 316 | Appendix E 213 214 215 21
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326 | Appendix E LAST BIRTH NEXT-TO
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350 | Appendix E LAST SEXUAL PARTNE
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352 | Appendix E SECTION 7. FERTILI
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356 | Appendix E SECTION 8. HUSBAND
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362 | Appendix E SECTION 10. OTHER
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364 | Appendix E SECTION 11. MATERN
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366 | Appendix E SECTION 12. DOMEST
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372 | Appendix E INSTRUCTIONS: 2 04
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374 | Appendix E INTRODUCTION AND C
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376 | Appendix E SECTION 2. REPRODU
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378 | Appendix E SECTION 3. CONTRAC
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380 | Appendix E 311 Where is that?
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386 | Appendix E SECTION 5. FERTILI
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388 | Appendix E SECTION 6. EMPLOYM
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390 | Appendix E SECTION 7. HIV/AID
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