Brothers For Resistance And Rescue By David Gur

Hatzioni” movement, which at the beginning had members up to the age of forty, operated inHungary already before but mainly after the Second World War. In 1944 the leaders of themovement were Dr. Sigfried Roth, Mordehai Weisz and Dr. Adonyahu Billitzer.“Hatzionim Haclali’im”The “Clal-Tzioni” movement started to develop in 1907 and supported the ‘Basel Plan’ of theZionist Organization. In 1935 the first party congress was held in Cracov, Poland.In Hungary the party operated before WW II, during and after the war. After the war the movementwent by the name of ‘The Block of the Tzionim Haclali’im Hademokratim’ that comprised severalorganizations among which the “Hanoar Hatzioni” movement. Prominent activists of the party wereDr. Nagy László, Béla Schwarz and Dr, Nátán Sándor-Alexander who were among the centralactivists of the Zionist underground in Hungary. The party operated in Hungary until 1949.“Mizrahi”Religious Zionism, that was called “Mizrahi” and considered itself a spiritual center, held aconvention, in preparation for its first congress, in 1902 in Vilna. In 1904 the first world conventionof “Mizrahi” was held in Pozsony (Bratislava). The center was transferred to Germany and itsleaders were Rabbi Berlin, Rabbi Fischman and Moshe Schapira. In 1922 “Hapoel Hamizrahi”,whose youth movement was “Bnei Akiva”, was founded in Jerusalem. Religious Zionism, with“Mizrahi” at its head, took a central place among the Zionist movements in Hungary and at differenttimes it made up about a third of its members. Already in 1902 orthodox Jewry declared thatZionist-religious activities were forbidden. This prohibition was renewed in 1927 but still the Zionistidea was well received among the religious circles. Prominent activists of the “Mizrahi” movementin Hungary and its delegates in the community and Zionist institutions were Salamon Mihály,Fraenkel Jenő and Dr. Ungár Béla. The “Mizrahi” movement operated in Hungary until 1949.“Hashomer Hatzair”The “Hashomer Hatzair” movement was founded in 1913 in Galicia and Vienna. It operated amidstthe Jewish youth as a scout’s movement but with an ideology that was based on three principles:social equality, national independence and cultural revival. The movement spread all over Europeand set up branches in all continents. The young members of the movement were educatedtowards fulfillment in Eretz Israel (Palestine) and communal living in a kibbutz. The movement hada Marxist ideology and identified with the struggle of the workers world movement. “HashomerHatzair” dedicated itself especially to educational activities and created new educational methods.Its main educational guidelines were: Judaism is not only a religion but also a people; the youngJew has social responsibility; the movement’s way of life is best expressed in life on a kibbutz. Themovement’s club was called a ken. The members of the movement were divided into age groupswith a youth leader and a work plan including Jewish history, literature, knowledge of Eretz Israel(Palestine), the history of Zionism and chapters of the working classBrothers for Resistance and Rescue 19