The 21st Century climate challenge

sification, which refers only to the universe of194 countries and areas.Aggregates in this Report will not alwaysconform to those in other publications becauseof differences in country classifications andmethodology. Where indicated, aggregates arecalculated by the statistical agency providingthe data for the indicator.Growth rates. Multiyear growth rates areexpressed as average annual rates of change.In calculating growth rates, HDRO uses onlythe beginning and end points. Year-to-yeargrowth rates are expressed as annual percentagechanges.Country notesUnless otherwise noted, data for China donot include Hong Kong Special AdministrativeRegion of China, Macao Special AdministrativeRegion of China, or Taiwan Provinceof China. In most cases data for Eritrea before1992 are included in the data for Ethiopia.Data for Germany refer to the unified Germany,unless otherwise noted. Data for Indonesiainclude Timor-Leste through 1999,unless otherwise noted. Data for Jordan referto the East Bank only. Economic data for theUnited Republic of Tanzania cover the mainlandonly. Data for Sudan are often based oninformation collected from the northern partof the country. While Serbia and Montenegrobecame two independent States in June 2006,data for the union of the two States have beenused where data do not yet exist separatelyfor the independent States. Where this isthe case, a note has been included to that effect.And data for Yemen refer to that countryfrom 1990 onwards, while data for earlieryears refer to aggregated data for the formerPeople’s Democratic Republic of Yemen andthe former Yemen Arab Republic.Changes to existing indicator tablesand introduction of new tablesThis year, a number of changes have been introducedinto some existing indicator tablesand three new tables have been included. Thisis with a view to making the indicator tablesmore policy-relevant and also to make a link tothe theme of this year’s Report. New indicatorshave also been introduced in response to someof the recommendations of the GDI-GEM reviewheld in 2006. As a consequence, some tablesdo not correspond to the indicator tablebearing that number in HDR 2006.Changes to existing tablesThe ‘Energy and environment’ table (formerlyTable 21 in HDR 2006) has been extended andsplit into four tables: energy and the environment(Table 22), energy sources (Table 23), carbondioxide (CO 2) emissions and stocks (Table24) and status of major internationl environmentaltreaties (Table 25).The following new indicators have been introducedin the ‘Energy and the environment’table (Table 22);• Percentage change in electricity consumptionbetween 1990 and 2004• Electrification rate• Population without access to electricity• Change in GDP per capita per unit of energyuse between 1990 and 2004• Forest as a percentage of total land.• Total area of forest cover in 2005• Absolute change in area of forest cover between1990 and 2005• Average annual percentage change in forestcover between 1990 and 2005.These indicators can be used: to monitorprogress in improving access to modern energy;in reducing energy intensity of GDP growth;and to assess rates of deforestation or afforestationin countries.The ‘Energy sources’ table (Table 23) is anentirely new table describing the share of totalprimary energy supply from different sources:fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), renewableenergy (from hydro, solar, wind, geothermal aswell as biomass and waste) and other sources(nuclear). The total primary energy supply isalso given in this table.The ‘Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks’table (Table 24) brings together indicators onCO 2emissions previously contained in the orig-HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 223