The 21st Century climate challenge

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TABLE9HDI rankHIVprevalence a(% aged15–49)MDGCondom use at lasthigh-risk sex b(% aged 15–24)Women Men1999–2005 gMDG MDGAntimalarial measuresUse ofinsecticidetreatedFeverstreated withantimalarialMDG MDG MDGTuberculosis casesDetectedunderDOTS dCuredunderDOTS ePrevalence of smokingPrevalencebednets drugsc(per 100,000(% of adults) f(% of children under fi ve) people) (%) (%) Women Men1999–2005 g2005 1999–2005 g 1999–2005 g 2005 2005 2004 2002–04 g 2002–04 g107 Indonesia 0.1 [0.1–0.2] .. .. 26 1 262 66 90 3 h 58 h108 Syrian Arab Republic [
HIVprevalence a(% aged15–49)MDGCondom use at lasthigh-risk sex b(% aged 15–24)Women Men1999–2005 gMDG MDGAntimalarial measuresUse ofinsecticidetreatedFeverstreated withantimalarialMDG MDG MDGTuberculosis casesDetectedunderDOTS dPrevalence of smokingPrevalencebednets drugsc(per 100,000(% of adults) f(% of children under fi ve) people) (%) (%) Women Men1999–2005 gHDI rank2005 1999–2005 g 1999–2005 g 2005 2005 2004 2002–04 g 2002–04 g160 Guinea 1.5 [1.2–1.8] 17 32 4 56 431 56 72 .. ..161 Rwanda 3.1 [2.9–3.2] 26 40 5 13 673 29 77 .. ..162 Angola 3.7 [2.3–5.3] .. .. 2 63 333 85 68 .. ..163 Benin 1.8 [1.2–2.5] 19 34 7 60 144 83 83 .. ..164 Malawi 14.1 [6.9–21.4] 35 47 15 28 518 39 71 5 21165 Zambia 17.0 [15.9–18.1] 35 40 7 52 618 52 83 1 16166 Côte d’Ivoire 7.1 [4.3–9.7] 25 j 56 j 4 58 659 38 71 .. ..167 Burundi 3.3 [2.7–3.8] .. .. 1 31 602 30 78 .. ..168 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 3.2 [1.8–4.9] .. .. 1 45 541 72 85 .. ..169 Ethiopia [0.9–3.5] 17 30 1 3 546 33 79 (.) 6170 Chad 3.5 [1.7–6.0] 17 25 1 j 44 495 22 69 .. ..171 Central African Republic 10.7 [4.5–17.2] .. .. 2 69 483 40 91 .. ..172 Mozambique 16.1 [12.5–20.0] 29 33 .. 15 597 49 77 .. ..173 Mali 1.7 [1.3–2.1] 14 30 8 38 578 21 71 .. ..174 Niger 1.1 [0.5–1.9] 7 j 30 j 6 48 294 50 61 .. ..175 Guinea-Bissau 3.8 [2.1–6.0] .. .. 7 58 293 79 75 .. ..176 Burkina Faso 2.0 [1.5–2.5] 54 67 2 50 461 18 67 .. ..177 Sierra Leone 1.6 [0.9–2.4] .. .. 2 61 905 37 82 .. ..CuredunderDOTS eHuman development indicatorsTABLE9 Leading global health crises and risksNOTESa. Data are point and range estimates based on newestimation models developed by UNAIDS. Rangeestimates are presented in square brackets.b. Because of data limitations, comparisons acrosscountries should be made with caution. Datafor some countries may refer only to part of thecountry or differ from the standard defi nition.c. Data refer to all forms of tuberculosis.d. Calculated by dividing the new smear-positivecases of tuberculosis detected under DOTS, theinternationally recommended tuberculosis controlstrategy, by the estimated annual incidence of newsmear-positive cases. Values can exceed 100%because of intense case detection in an areawith a backlog of chronic cases, overreporting(for example, double counting), overdiagnosis orunderestimation of incidence (WHO 2007b).e. Data are the share of new smear-positive casesregistered for treatment under the DOTS casedetection and treatment strategy that weresuccessfully treated.f. <strong>The</strong> age range varies among countries, but inmost is 18 and older or 15 and older.g. Data refer to the most recent year available duringthe period specifi ed.h. Data refer to a period other than that specifi ed.i. UN 2006a.j. UNICEF 2005.k. Data refer to 2005.SOURCESColumn 1: UNAIDS 2006.Columns 2–5: UNICEF 2006.Columns 6–8: WHO 2007a.Columns 9 and 10: World Bank 2007b, based ondata from the Tobacco Atlas, 2nd edition (2006).260 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Copyright © 2007by the United Nati
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ForewordWhat we do today about clim
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AcknowledgementsThis Report could n
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Jean-Robert Moret, Koos Neefjes, Ii
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From climate shocks today to depriv
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Figures1.1 Rising CO 2emissions are
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… while preserving it for future
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Climate change providesa potent rem
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The real choice facingpolitical lea
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The world’s poor andfuture genera
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Current investment patternsare putt
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Avoiding the unprecedentedthreats p
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The rapid development anddeployment
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Support for the MDGsprovides anothe
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For the current generation,the chal
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• Create a Climate Change Mitigat
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“One generation plants a tree; th
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1The 21 st Century climate challeng
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1Special contributionClimate policy
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1 The 21 st Century climate challen
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1Box 1.3Developed countries have fa
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Climate shocks:risk and vulnerabili
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CHAPTER2Climateshocks: risk andvuln
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in order to cast a light on future
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Box 2.1Under-reporting climate disa
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Box 2.2The global insurance industr
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Box 2.3Hurricane Katrina—the soci
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human rights of the Inuit. The aim
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have been at least 14% lower (table
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intensify these pressures. In Ethio
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unable to build productive assets,
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Climate modelling exercises point t
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Box 2.7Climate change in Malawi—m
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prominently in low human developmen
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Box 2.8Climate change and China’s
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Box 2.9Melting glaciers and retreat
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enign climate change scenarios poin
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Alaska to Siberia has increased by
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donors to invest in rehabilitation.
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more likely. Evidence from the past
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“We shall require a substantially
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3Avoiding dangerous climate change:
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Table 3.1Emission reduction targets
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Box 3.1Leadership by example in car
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Box 3.2Targets and outcomes diverge
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Box 3.3The United Kingdom's climate
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Box 3.5Reducing carbon intensity in
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Box 3.7Renewable energy in Germany
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Box 3.9Palm oil and biofuel develop
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Box 3.11Decarbonizing growth in Ind
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4Adapting to the inevitable:nationa
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CHAPTER4Adapting to the inevitable:
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Mitigation is one part of a twin st
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structures for adaptation planning.
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national climate change projections
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Adjusted for country context, these
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training and support, to 11 regiona
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must take into account the impact o
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Act guarantees 100 days of employme
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• In Kenya, drought in pastoral a
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Box 4.5Risk insurance and adaptatio
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oad umbrella, rich countries are re
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0.7 percent of Gross National Incom
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vulnerable ecosystems. Actual spend
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ange for that risk extends from a n
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countries. 71 The figures are based
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adaptation will require a high leve
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national and subnational programmes
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NotesChapter 11 Diamond 2005.2 Kenn
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oceans, which cover 70 percent of t
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69 Gurría and Manning 2007.70 OCHA
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Canales Davila, Caridad and Alberto
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———. 2006a. “Building a Glo
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Page 226 and 227: OECD Development Assistance Committ
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Page 230 and 231: Regional Hunger and Vulnerability P
Page 232 and 233: UNDP (United Nations Development Pr
Page 236 and 237: Readers guide and notes to tablesHu
Page 238 and 239: sification, which refers only to th
Page 240 and 241: Note to Table 1: about this year’
Page 242 and 243: ences in national price levels. The
Page 244 and 245: TABLE1Monitoringhuman development:
Page 246 and 247: TABLE1HDI rank aHumandevelopmentind
Page 248 and 249: TABLE1aMonitoring human development
Page 250 and 251: TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
Page 252 and 253: TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
Page 254 and 255: TABLE3HDI rankHuman povertyindex (H
Page 256 and 257: TABLE4Monitoring human development:
Page 258 and 259: TABLE5.. . to lead a long and healt
Page 260 and 261: TABLE5HDI rankTotal population(mill
Page 264 and 265: TABLE6HDI rankPublic(% of GDP)Healt
Page 266 and 267: TABLE7. . . to lead a long and heal
Page 268 and 269: TABLE7HDI rankMDGPopulation usingim
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Page 278 and 279: TABLE10HDI rankLife expectancy at b
Page 280 and 281: TABLE11. . . to acquire knowledge .
Page 282 and 283: TABLE11Public expenditure on educat
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Page 286 and 287: TABLE12HDI rankAdult literacy rate(
Page 288 and 289: TABLE13. . . to acquire knowledge .
Page 290 and 291: TABLE13HDI rankMDGTelephone mainlin
Page 292 and 293: TABLE14.. . to have access to the r
Page 294 and 295: TABLE14HDI rankUS$ billions2005GDPG
Page 298 and 299: TABLE15HDI rankSurvey yearMDGShare
Page 302 and 303: TABLE16HDI rankImports of goodsand
Page 306 and 307: TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development
Page 308 and 309: TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development
Page 310 and 311: TABLE19HDI rankPublicexpenditureon
Page 312 and 313: TABLE19Publicexpenditureon health(%
Page 316 and 317: TABLE21Unemployedpeople(thousands)E
Page 318 and 319: TABLE22HDI rankElectricity consumpt
Page 320 and 321: TABLE22Electricity consumptionper c
Page 322 and 323: TABLE23Share of TPES aFossil fuels
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TABLE23Share of TPES aFossil fuels
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TABLE24HDI rankTotal(Mt CO 2)Annual
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TABLE24Total(Mt CO 2)Annualchange(%
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TABLE25HDI rankCartagenaProtocol on
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TABLE25HDI rankCartagenaProtocol on
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TABLE26HDI rankInternallydisplacedp
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TABLE26Conventional arms transfers
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TABLE27HDI rank2000-04 c 2007 d 200
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TABLE27HDI rank2000-04 c 2007 d 200
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TABLE28HDI rankGender-relateddevelo
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TABLE28Gender-relateddevelopmentind
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TABLE29HDI rankGender empowerment m
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TABLE29MDG Female legislators, Fema
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TABLE30HDI rankAdult literacy aFema
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TABLE30Adult literacy aMDGYouth lit
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TABLE31HDI rankFemale economic acti
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TABLE31HDI rankFemale economic acti
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TABLE33.. . and achieving equality
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TABLE33Year women received right aY
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TABLE34Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE34HDI rankInternationalConvent
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TABLE35Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE35HDI rankFreedom of associati
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TECHNICAL NOTE 1Calculating the hum
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Calculating the GDI (continued)Seco
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Selected readingsAnand, Sudhir, and
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under the age of five countries tha
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Earned income (PPP US$), estimated
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individual or household. The Gini i
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problems of under reporting and mis
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Unemployment Refers to all people a
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Statec. 2006. Correspondence on gro
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Countries in the income aggregatesH
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Developing countries in the regiona
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Index to Millennium Development Goa
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The 21st Century climate challenge

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