The 21st Century climate challenge

inal energy and environment table and introducesa number of new indicators including:• Total CO 2emissions and the average annualpercentage change between 1990 and 2004• Countries’ share of the world’s total CO 2emissions• CO 2emissions per capita (carbonfootprints)• CO 2emissions per unit of energy use (carbonintensity of energy)• CO 2emissions per unit of GDP (carbon intensityof growth)• CO 2emissions from forest biomass andtotal carbon stocks in forests.The ‘Status of major environmental treaties’table (Table 25) extends the range of environmentaltreaties covered in the original table onenergy and environment and presents them allin a single table.The ‘Victims of Crime’ table (formerlyTable 23 in HDR 2006) has been dropped forthis Report in the absence of a new round of theInternational Crime Victims Survey on whichthe table was based since 2000–01. It has beenreplaced by a table on crime and justice (Table27) which presents information on homiciderates, prison populations and the abolition orretention of capital punishment.Tables introduced in responseto some of the GDI-GEM reviewrecommendationsCross-nationally comparable gender disaggregatedstatistics are a major challenge to assessingprogress towards the elimination of all forms ofdiscrimination against women and men. In responseto some of the recommendations fromthe GDI-GEM review, new gender disaggregatedindicators of labour force participationin non-OECD countries have been introducedand an existing indicator table was also modifiedto provide more information.Previously, unemployment informationwas presented for OECD countries only becauseof insufficient comparable data for othercountries. In the new Table 21, in addition todata for men and women, such labour forcestatistics as total employment and unemployment,the distribution of employment by economicactivity and participation in the informalsector are presented.Table 32 ‘Gender work and time allocation’ isa modification of Table 28 in HDR 2006, whichprovides information on how women and menshare their time between market and nonmarketactivities. Nonmarket activities have beenbroken down further to provide information onhow much time women and men spend daily oncooking and cleaning, caring for children, onsuch other activities as personal care, and on freetime for leisure and other social activities.HDRO will continue to work with national,regional and international agencies towardsimproving availability and quality ofgender-disaggregated data.Currency conversionThroughout the Report, for currency units thatwere originally reported in currencies other thanUS dollars (US$), the estimated equivalent valuein US$ has been provided right next to them.The exchange rates used for these conversionsare the ‘average period’ rates for the specific year,while for currencies with no specified year, theyearly rate for the most recently available ‘averageperiod’ was used, as reported in the September2007 International Monetary Fund’s InternationalFinancial Statistics report.SymbolsIn the absence of the words annual, annualrate or growth rate, a dash between two years,such as in 1995–2000, indicates that thedata were collected during one of the yearsshown. A slash between two years, such as in1998/2001, indicates an average for the yearsshown unless otherwise specified. The followingsymbols are used:.. Data not available(.) Greater (or less) than zero but smallenough to be rounded off to zero at thedisplayed number of decimal points< Less than— Not applicableT Total.224 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008