The 21st Century climate challenge

TABLE24Total(Mt CO 2)Annualchange(%)Carbon dioxide emissions aShare ofworld total b(%)Per capita(t CO 2)Carbon intensityof energyCO 2emissions perunit of energy use(kt of CO 2perkt of oil equivalent)Carbon intensityof growthCO 2emissionsper unit of GDP(kt of CO 2per million2000 PPP US$)Carbondioxideemissionsfrom forestbiomass c(Mt CO 2/ year)Carbonstocksin forestbiomass d(Mt Carbon)HDI rank1990 2004 1990–2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990–2005 2005160 Guinea 1.0 1.3 2.3 (.) (.) 0.2 0.1 .. .. 0.09 0.07 15.9 636.0161 Rwanda 0.5 0.6 0.6 (.) (.) 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.07 0.06 -2.1 44.1162 Angola 4.6 7.9 5.0 (.) (.) 0.5 0.7 0.74 0.83 0.25 0.29 37.6 4,829.3163 Benin 0.7 2.4 16.7 (.) (.) 0.1 0.3 0.43 0.96 0.16 0.29 .. ..164 Malawi 0.6 1.0 5.3 (.) (.) 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.13 0.14 5.6 161.0165 Zambia 2.4 2.3 -0.5 (.) (.) 0.3 0.2 0.45 0.33 0.31 0.23 44.4 1,156.1166 Côte d’Ivoire 5.4 5.2 -0.3 (.) (.) 0.5 0.3 1.22 0.74 0.26 0.20 -9.0 1,864.0167 Burundi 0.2 0.2 0.9 (.) (.) (.) (.) .. .. 0.04 0.05 .. ..168 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 4.0 2.1 -3.4 (.) (.) 0.1 (.) 0.33 0.13 0.07 0.06 293.1 23,173.0169 Ethiopia 3.0 8.0 12.1 (.) (.) 0.1 0.1 0.20 0.38 0.07 0.13 13.4 252.0170 Chad 0.1 0.1 -0.9 (.) (.) (.) 0.0 .. .. 0.03 0.01 5.6 236.0171 Central African Republic 0.2 0.3 2.0 (.) (.) 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.05 0.06 13.7 2,801.0172 Mozambique 1.0 2.2 8.4 (.) (.) 0.1 0.1 0.14 0.25 0.12 0.11 5.7 606.3173 Mali 0.4 0.6 2.4 (.) (.) (.) (.) .. .. 0.07 0.05 7.1 241.9174 Niger 1.0 1.2 1.1 (.) (.) 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.16 0.13 1.7 12.5175 Guinea-Bissau 0.2 0.3 2.1 (.) (.) 0.2 0.2 .. .. 0.21 0.24 0.5 61.0176 Burkina Faso 1.0 1.1 0.7 (.) (.) 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.13 0.08 19.1 298.0177 Sierra Leone 0.3 1.0 14.1 (.) (.) 0.1 0.2 .. .. 0.10 0.27 .. ..Developing countries 6,831.1 T 12,303.3 T 5.7 30.1 42.5 1.7 2.4 2.34 2.59 0.64 0.56 5,091.5 190,359.7Least developed countries 74.1 T 146.3 T 7.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 .. .. 0.14 0.17 1,097.8 50,811.2Arab States 733.6 T 1,348.4 T 6.0 3.2 4.7 3.4 4.5 3.02 2.94 0.75 0.86 44.4 2,393.3East Asia and the Pacifi c 3,413.5 T 6,682.0 T 6.8 15.0 23.1 2.1 3.5 .. .. 0.90 0.63 2,293.8 27,222.9Latin America and the Caribbean 1,087.7 T 1,422.6 T 2.2 4.8 4.9 2.5 2.6 2.25 2.19 0.40 0.36 1,667.0 97,557.2South Asia 990.7 T 1,954.6 T 7.0 4.4 6.7 0.8 1.3 1.94 2.34 0.49 0.46 -49.3 3,843.5Sub-Saharan Africa 454.8 T 663.1 T 3.3 2.0 2.3 1.0 1.0 .. .. 0.55 0.57 1,153.6 58,523.2Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS 4,182.0 T 3,168.0 T -2.0 18.4 10.9 10.3 7.9 2.71 2.51 1.49 0.97 -165.9 37,592.0OECD 11,205.2 T 13,318.6 T 1.3 49.4 46.0 10.8 11.5 2.47 2.42 0.54 0.45 -999.7 59,956.6High-income OECD 10,055.4 T 12,137.5 T 1.5 44.3 41.9 12.0 13.2 2.42 2.39 0.52 0.45 -979.6 45,488.9High human development 14,495.5 T 16,615.8 T 1.0 63.9 57.3 9.8 10.1 2.45 2.40 0.60 0.48 89.8 152,467.3Medium human development 5,944.4 T 10,215.2 T 5.1 26.2 35.2 1.8 2.5 2.39 2.76 0.83 0.61 3,026.5 86,534.2Low human development 77.6 T 161.7 T 7.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 .. .. 0.24 0.36 858.0 41,254.0High income 10,572.1 T 12,975.1 T 1.6 46.6 44.8 12.1 13.3 2.44 2.40 0.53 0.46 -937.4 54,215.3Middle income 8,971.5 T 12,162.9 T 2.5 39.5 42.0 3.4 4.0 2.57 2.76 0.95 0.65 3,693.1 170,735.6Low income 1,323.4 T 2,083.9 T 4.1 5.8 7.2 0.8 0.9 .. .. 0.47 0.43 1,275.1 56,686.1World 22,702.5 T b 28,982.7 T b 2.0 100.0 100.0 4.3 4.5 2.64 2.63 0.68 0.55 4,038.1 282,650.1NOTESa. Refers to carbon dioxide emissions stemmingfrom consumption of solid, liquid and gaseousfossil fuels as well as from gas fl aring and theproduction of cement. Original values werereported in terms of metric carbon tonnes, inorder to convert these values to metric tonnesof carbon dioxide a conversion factor of 3.664(relative molecular weights 44/12) has beenapplied.b. The world total includes carbon dioxide emissionsnot included in national totals, such as those frombunker fuels, oxidation of non-fuel hydrocarbonproducts (e.g., asphalt) and emissions bycountries not shown in the main indicator tables.These emissions amount to approximately 5%of the world total. Thus the shares listed forindividual countries in this table do not sum to100%.c. Refers to net emissions or sequestration dueto changes in carbon stock of forest biomass.A positive number suggests carbon emissionswhile a negative number suggests carbonsequestration. It is assumed that all negativecarbon stock changes are released as emissions.d. Refers only to living biomass - above and belowground. Carbon in deadwood, soil and litter is notincluded.e. Includes Monaco.f. Includes American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico,Turks and Caicos and the US Virgin Islands.g. Includes San Marino.h. Data refers to the sum of the emissions fromthe former Federal Republic of Germany and theformer German Democratic Republic in 1990.i. In cases where data for 1990 are not available,data for the closest year between 1991 and 1992have been used.j. Refers to the 1992-2004 period.SOURCESColumns 1, 2 and 4–7: calculated based on datafrom CDIAC 2007.Column 3: calculated on the basis of data in columns1 and 2.Columns 8–11: calculated based on data from CDIAC2007 and World Bank 2007b.Column 12: calculated based on data from FAO2007b; aggregates calculated for HDRO by FAO.Column 13: FAO 2007b; aggregates calculated forHDRO by FAO.Human development indicatorsHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 313