The 21st Century climate challenge

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TABLE3HDI rankHuman povertyindex (HPI-1)RankValue(%)Probabilityat birthof notsurviving toage 40 a, †(% of cohort)2000–05Adultilliteracyrate b,†(% aged 15and older)1995–2005Populationnot using animprovedwater source †(%)2004MDGMDGpoverty lineChildrenPopulation below incomeunder weightfor age †(%)1996-2005 d 1990–2005 d 1990–2005 d(% underage 5) $1 a day $2 a dayNationalpoverty line1990–2004 d99 Sri Lanka 44 17.8 7.2 9.3 e 21 29 5.6 41.6 25.0 11100 Maldives 42 17.0 12.1 3.7 17 30 .. .. .. ..101 Jamaica 34 14.3 8.3 20.1 7 4
TABLE3 Human and income poverty: developing countriesProbabilityat birthof notsurviving toage 40 a, †(% of cohort)2000–05Adultilliteracyrate b,†(% aged 15and older)1995–2005Populationnot using animprovedwater source †National1990–2005 dHuman poverty(%)index (HPI-1)HDI rankRank (%)20041990–2005 d 1990–2004 dValue(%)$1 a day $2 a day poverty lineLOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT156 Senegal 97 42.9 17.1 60.7 24 17 17.0 56.2 33.4 28157 Eritrea 76 36.0 24.1 .. f 40 40 .. .. 53.0 ..158 Nigeria 80 37.3 39.0 30.9 h 52 29 70.8 92.4 34.1 -19159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 67 32.5 36.2 30.6 38 22 57.8 89.9 35.7 -22160 Guinea 103 52.3 28.6 70.5 50 26 .. .. 40.0 ..161 Rwanda 78 36.5 44.6 35.1 26 23 60.3 87.8 60.3 -16162 Angola 89 40.3 46.7 32.6 47 31 .. .. .. ..163 Benin 100 47.6 27.9 65.3 33 23 30.9 73.7 29.0 16164 Malawi 79 36.7 44.4 35.9 27 22 20.8 62.9 65.3 11165 Zambia 96 41.8 53.9 32.0 42 20 63.8 87.2 68.0 -7166 Côte d’Ivoire 92 40.3 38.6 51.3 16 17 14.8 48.8 .. 29167 Burundi 81 37.6 38.2 40.7 21 45 54.6 87.6 36.4 -8168 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 88 39.3 41.1 32.8 54 31 .. .. .. ..169 Ethiopia 105 54.9 33.3 64.1 78 38 23.0 77.8 44.2 27170 Chad 108 56.9 32.9 74.3 58 37 .. .. 64.0 ..171 Central African Republic 98 43.6 46.2 51.4 25 24 66.6 84.0 .. -6172 Mozambique 101 50.6 45.0 61.3 57 24 36.2 74.1 69.4 12173 Mali 107 56.4 30.4 76.0 50 33 36.1 72.1 63.8 18174 Niger 104 54.7 28.7 71.3 54 40 60.6 85.8 63.0 e 1175 Guinea-Bissau 99 44.8 40.5 .. f 41 25 .. .. .. ..176 Burkina Faso 106 55.8 26.5 76.4 39 38 27.2 71.8 46.4 23177 Sierra Leone 102 51.7 45.6 65.2 43 27 57.0 e 74.5 e 70.2 4MDGMDGChildrenPopulation below income poverty lineunder weightfor age †(% underage 5)1996-2005 dHPI-1 rankminusincomepovertyrank cNOTES† Denotes indicators used to calculate the humanpoverty index (HPI-1). For further details, seeTechnical note 1.a. Data refer to the probability at birth of not survivingto age 40, multiplied by 100.b. Data refer to national illiteracy estimates fromcensuses or surveys conducted between 1995and 2005, unless otherwise specifi ed. Due todifferences in methodology and timeliness ofunderlying data, comparisons across countries andover time should be made with caution. For moredetails, see http://www.uis.unesco.org/.c. Income poverty refers to the share of thepopulation living on less than $1 a day. Allcountries with an income poverty rate of less than2% were given equal rank. <strong>The</strong> rankings are basedon countries for which data are available for bothindicators. A positive fi gure indicates that thecountry performs better in income poverty than inhuman poverty, a negative the opposite.d. Data refer to the most recent year available duringthe period specifi ed.e. Data refer to a year or period other than thatspecifi ed, differ from the standard defi nition orrefer to only part of a country.f. In the absence of recent data, estimates fromUNESCO Institute for Statistics 2003 based onoutdated census or survey information, were usedand should be interpreted with caution: Barbados0.3, Comoros 43.2, Djibouti 29.7, Eritrea 39.5,Fiji 5.6, Gambia 57.5, Guinea-Bissau 55.2,Guyana 1.0, Haiti 45.2, and Lebanon 11.7.g. UNICEF 2005.h. UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimates based onits Global Age-specifi c Literacy Projections model(2007).i. An adult illiteracy rate of 0.2 was used to calculatethe HPI-1 for Cuba.j. Data are from national sources.k. Data are from the Secretariat of the CaribbeanCommunity, based on national sources.l. UNICEF 2004.m. UNDP 2006.SOURCESColumn 1: determined on the basis of HPI-1values in column 2.Column 2: calculated on the basis of data incolumns 3–6, see Technical note 1 for details.Column 3: UN 2007e.Column 4: calculated on the basis of data onadult literacy rates from UNESCO Institute forStatistics 2007a.Column 5: UN 2006a, based on a joint effort byUNICEF and WHO.Column 6: UNICEF 2006.Columns 7–9: World Bank 2007b.Column 10: calculated on the basis of data incolumns 1 and 7.HPI-1 ranks for 108 developing countries and areasHuman development indicators1 Barbados2 Uruguay3 Chile4 Argentina5 Costa Rica6 Cuba7 Singapore8 Saint Lucia9 Occupied PalestinianTerritories10 Mexico11 Jordan12 Trinidad and Tobago13 Qatar14 Colombia15 Panama16 Malaysia17 United Arab Emirates18 Lebanon19 Ecuador20 Paraguay21 Venezuela (BolivarianRepublic of)22 Turkey23 Brazil24 Thailand25 Suriname26 Dominican Republic27 Mauritius28 Peru29 China30 Iran (Islamic Republic of)31 Syrian Arab Republic32 Bolivia33 Guyana34 Jamaica35 El Salvador36 Viet Nam37 Philippines38 Cape Verde39 Sao Tome and Principe40 Mongolia41 Honduras42 Maldives43 Belize44 Sri Lanka45 Tunisia46 Nicaragua47 Indonesia48 Egypt49 Gabon50 Fiji51 Algeria52 Myanmar53 Solomon Islands54 Guatemala55 South Africa56 Vanuatu57 Congo58 Namibia59 Djibouti60 Kenya61 Comoros62 India63 Botswana64 Cameroon65 Ghana66 Equatorial Guinea67 Tanzania (United Republic of)68 Morocco69 Sudan70 Lao People’s DemocraticRepublic71 Lesotho72 Uganda73 Swaziland74 Haiti75 Madagascar76 Eritrea77 Pakistan78 Rwanda79 Malawi80 Nigeria81 Burundi82 Yemen83 Togo84 Nepal85 Cambodia86 Bhutan87 Mauritania88 Congo (Democratic Republicof the)89 Angola90 Papua New Guinea91 Zimbabwe92 Côte d’Ivoire93 Bangladesh94 Gambia95 Timor-Leste96 Zambia97 Senegal98 Central African Republic99 Guinea-Bissau100 Benin101 Mozambique102 Sierra Leone103 Guinea104 Niger105 Ethiopia106 Burkina Faso107 Mali108 Chad240 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Copyright © 2007by the United Nati
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ForewordWhat we do today about clim
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AcknowledgementsThis Report could n
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Jean-Robert Moret, Koos Neefjes, Ii
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From climate shocks today to depriv
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Figures1.1 Rising CO 2emissions are
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… while preserving it for future
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Climate change providesa potent rem
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The real choice facingpolitical lea
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The world’s poor andfuture genera
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Current investment patternsare putt
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Avoiding the unprecedentedthreats p
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The rapid development anddeployment
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Support for the MDGsprovides anothe
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For the current generation,the chal
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• Create a Climate Change Mitigat
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“One generation plants a tree; th
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1The 21 st Century climate challeng
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1Special contributionClimate policy
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1 The 21 st Century climate challen
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1Box 1.3Developed countries have fa
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Climate shocks:risk and vulnerabili
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CHAPTER2Climateshocks: risk andvuln
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in order to cast a light on future
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Box 2.1Under-reporting climate disa
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Box 2.2The global insurance industr
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Box 2.3Hurricane Katrina—the soci
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human rights of the Inuit. The aim
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have been at least 14% lower (table
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intensify these pressures. In Ethio
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unable to build productive assets,
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Climate modelling exercises point t
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Box 2.7Climate change in Malawi—m
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prominently in low human developmen
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Box 2.8Climate change and China’s
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Box 2.9Melting glaciers and retreat
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enign climate change scenarios poin
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Alaska to Siberia has increased by
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donors to invest in rehabilitation.
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more likely. Evidence from the past
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“We shall require a substantially
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3Avoiding dangerous climate change:
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Table 3.1Emission reduction targets
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Box 3.1Leadership by example in car
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Box 3.2Targets and outcomes diverge
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Box 3.3The United Kingdom's climate
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Box 3.5Reducing carbon intensity in
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Box 3.7Renewable energy in Germany
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Box 3.9Palm oil and biofuel develop
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Box 3.11Decarbonizing growth in Ind
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4Adapting to the inevitable:nationa
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CHAPTER4Adapting to the inevitable:
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Mitigation is one part of a twin st
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structures for adaptation planning.
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national climate change projections
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Adjusted for country context, these
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training and support, to 11 regiona
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must take into account the impact o
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Act guarantees 100 days of employme
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• In Kenya, drought in pastoral a
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Box 4.5Risk insurance and adaptatio
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oad umbrella, rich countries are re
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0.7 percent of Gross National Incom
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Page 208 and 209: countries. 71 The figures are based
Page 210 and 211: adaptation will require a high leve
Page 212 and 213: national and subnational programmes
Page 214 and 215: NotesChapter 11 Diamond 2005.2 Kenn
Page 216 and 217: oceans, which cover 70 percent of t
Page 218 and 219: 69 Gurría and Manning 2007.70 OCHA
Page 220 and 221: Canales Davila, Caridad and Alberto
Page 222 and 223: ———. 2006a. “Building a Glo
Page 224 and 225: EPA (Environment Protection Agency)
Page 226 and 227: OECD Development Assistance Committ
Page 228 and 229: Landau, J.P. 2004. “Rapport à Mo
Page 230 and 231: Regional Hunger and Vulnerability P
Page 232 and 233: UNDP (United Nations Development Pr
Page 236 and 237: Readers guide and notes to tablesHu
Page 238 and 239: sification, which refers only to th
Page 240 and 241: Note to Table 1: about this year’
Page 242 and 243: ences in national price levels. The
Page 244 and 245: TABLE1Monitoringhuman development:
Page 246 and 247: TABLE1HDI rank aHumandevelopmentind
Page 248 and 249: TABLE1aMonitoring human development
Page 250 and 251: TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
Page 252 and 253: TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
Page 256 and 257: TABLE4Monitoring human development:
Page 258 and 259: TABLE5.. . to lead a long and healt
Page 260 and 261: TABLE5HDI rankTotal population(mill
Page 264 and 265: TABLE6HDI rankPublic(% of GDP)Healt
Page 266 and 267: TABLE7. . . to lead a long and heal
Page 268 and 269: TABLE7HDI rankMDGPopulation usingim
Page 274 and 275: TABLE9HDI rankHIVprevalence a(% age
Page 276 and 277: TABLE10.. . to lead a long and heal
Page 278 and 279: TABLE10HDI rankLife expectancy at b
Page 280 and 281: TABLE11. . . to acquire knowledge .
Page 282 and 283: TABLE11Public expenditure on educat
Page 284 and 285: TABLE12.. . to acquire knowledge .
Page 286 and 287: TABLE12HDI rankAdult literacy rate(
Page 288 and 289: TABLE13. . . to acquire knowledge .
Page 290 and 291: TABLE13HDI rankMDGTelephone mainlin
Page 292 and 293: TABLE14.. . to have access to the r
Page 294 and 295: TABLE14HDI rankUS$ billions2005GDPG
Page 298 and 299: TABLE15HDI rankSurvey yearMDGShare
Page 302 and 303: TABLE16HDI rankImports of goodsand
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TABLE17.. . to have access to the r
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TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development
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TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development
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TABLE19HDI rankPublicexpenditureon
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TABLE19Publicexpenditureon health(%
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TABLE21.. . to have access to the r
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TABLE21Unemployedpeople(thousands)E
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TABLE22HDI rankElectricity consumpt
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TABLE22Electricity consumptionper c
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TABLE23Share of TPES aFossil fuels
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TABLE23Share of TPES aFossil fuels
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TABLE24HDI rankTotal(Mt CO 2)Annual
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TABLE24Total(Mt CO 2)Annualchange(%
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TABLE25HDI rankCartagenaProtocol on
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TABLE25HDI rankCartagenaProtocol on
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TABLE26HDI rankInternallydisplacedp
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TABLE26Conventional arms transfers
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TABLE27HDI rank2000-04 c 2007 d 200
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TABLE27HDI rank2000-04 c 2007 d 200
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TABLE28HDI rankGender-relateddevelo
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TABLE28Gender-relateddevelopmentind
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TABLE29HDI rankGender empowerment m
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TABLE29MDG Female legislators, Fema
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TABLE30HDI rankAdult literacy aFema
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TABLE30Adult literacy aMDGYouth lit
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TABLE31HDI rankFemale economic acti
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TABLE31HDI rankFemale economic acti
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TABLE33.. . and achieving equality
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TABLE33Year women received right aY
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TABLE34Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE34HDI rankInternationalConvent
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TABLE35Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE35HDI rankFreedom of associati
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TECHNICAL NOTE 1Calculating the hum
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Calculating the GDI (continued)Seco
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Selected readingsAnand, Sudhir, and
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under the age of five countries tha
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Earned income (PPP US$), estimated
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individual or household. The Gini i
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problems of under reporting and mis
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Unemployment Refers to all people a
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Statec. 2006. Correspondence on gro
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Countries in the income aggregatesH
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Developing countries in the regiona
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Index to Millennium Development Goa
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The 21st Century climate challenge

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