The 21st Century climate challenge

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TABLE26Conventional arms transfers bRefugees(1990 prices)Internallydisplaced By country By countryExportsTotal armed forcespeople a(thousands)of asylum(thousands)of origin c(thousands)Imports(US$ millions)US$millionsShare d(%) ThousandsIndex(1985=100)HDI rank2006 e 2006 e 2006 e 1996 2006 2006 2002–2006 2007 2007160 Guinea 19 g 31 7 0 0 .. .. 12 121161 Rwanda .. 49 93 1 0 .. .. 33 635162 Angola 62 g 13 207 9 0 0 (.) 107 216163 Benin .. 11 (.) 0 0 .. .. 5 111164 Malawi .. 4 (.) .. .. 0 (.) 5 94165 Zambia .. 120 (.) 5 15 .. .. 15 93166 Côte d’Ivoire 750 39 26 0 0 .. .. 17 129167 Burundi 100 13 397 0 0 .. .. 35 673168 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 1,100 208 402 46 13 .. .. 51 106169 Ethiopia 100–280 97 83 0 0 .. .. 153 71170 Chad 113 287 36 0 2 .. .. 17 139171 Central African Republic 212 12 72 0 9 .. .. 3 130172 Mozambique .. 3 (.) 0 0 .. .. 11 70173 Mali .. 11 1 0 0 .. .. 7 143174 Niger .. (.) 1 0 0 .. .. 5 227175 Guinea-Bissau .. 8 1 .. .. .. .. 9 105176 Burkina Faso .. 1 (.) 0 0 .. .. 11 275177 Sierra Leone .. 27 43 0 0 .. .. 11 355Developing countries .. 7,084 .. .. .. .. .. 13,950 T 90Least developed countries .. 2,177 .. .. .. .. .. 1,781 T 152Arab States .. 2,001 .. .. .. .. .. 2,167 T 80East Asia and the Pacifi c .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,952 T 80Latin America and the Caribbean .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,327 T 99South Asia .. 2,326 .. .. .. .. .. 2,877 T 113Sub-Saharan Africa .. 2,227 .. .. .. .. .. 1,102 T 130Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS .. 168 .. .. .. .. .. 2,050 T ..OECD .. 2,556 .. .. .. .. .. 4,995 T 69High-income OECD .. 2,533 .. .. .. .. .. 4,028 69High human development .. 2,885 .. .. .. 25,830 .. 7,101 52Medium human development .. 5,389 .. .. .. .. .. 10,143 91Low human development .. 1,453 .. .. .. .. .. 835 146High income .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,611 74Middle income .. 3,267 .. .. .. .. .. 9,440 ..Low income .. 3,741 .. .. .. .. .. 5,413 110World 23,700 T p 9,894 T p 9,894 T p 22,115 T p 26,130 T p 26,742 T p .. 19,801 T 73NOTESa. Estimates maintained by the IDMC based onvarious sources. Estimates are associated withhigh levels of uncertainty.b. Data are as of 10 May 2007. Figures are trendindicator values, which are an indicator only ofthe volume of international arms transfers, notof the actual fi nancial value of such transfers.Published reports of arms transfers provide partialinformation, as not all transfers are fully reported.The estimates presented are conservative andmay understate actual transfers of conventionalweapons.c. The country of origin for many refugees isunavailable or unreported. These data maytherefore be underestimates.d. Calculated using the 2002-06 totals for allcountries and non-state actors with exports ofmajor conventional weapons as defi ned inSIPRI 2007a.e. Data refer to the end of 2006 unlessotherwise specifi ed.f. Higher fi gure includes estimate of Bedoininternally displaced people.g. Data refer to a year or period other thanthat specifi ed.h. Lower estimate is cumulative since 1994. Higherfi gure is cumulative since 1985.i. Figures do not include an estimated 30,000 ethnicArmenians displaced to Nagorno Karabakh.j. According to the Government of Algeria, thereare an estimated 165,000 Saharawi refugees inTindouf camps.k. Lower estimate includes only internally displacedpeople evicted mainly by dwelling demolitionssince 2000. Higher fi gure is cumulativesince 1967.l. Estimate excludes certain parts of the country orsome groups of internally displaced people.m. Confl ict-induced displacement has taken place inBalochistan and Waziristan, but no estimates areavailable due to lack of access.n. Figures are only for Afghans living in camps andassisted by UNHCR.o. Not including people previously displaced byland acquisitions or political violence. Also notincluding people recently displaced due to losingtheir businesses or other forms livelihood.p. Data are aggregates provided by originaldata source.SOURCESColumn 1: IDMC 2007.Columns 2 and 3: UNHCR 2007.Columns 4 – 6: SIPRI 2007a.Column 7: calculated on the basis of data on armstransfers from SIPRI 2007a.Column 8: IISS 2007.Column 9: calculated on the basis of data on armedforces from IISS 2007.Human development indicatorsHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 321
TABLE27.. . protecting personal security . . .Crime and justiceHuman development indicatorsHDI rank2000–04 c 2007 d 2007 d 2007 ePrison populationIntentional homicides a(per 100,000 people)Total(per 100,000people)Female(% of total)Year in which countrieshave partially orcompletely abolishedthe death penalty bHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Iceland 1.0 119 40 6 19282 Norway 0.8 3,048 66 5 19793 Australia 1.3 25,353 126 7 19854 Canada 1.9 34,096 f 107 f 5 19985 Ireland 0.9 3,080 72 4 19906 Sweden 2.4 7,450 82 5 19727 Switzerland 2.9 6,111 83 5 19928 Japan 0.5 79,055 62 6 .. g9 Netherlands 1.0 21,013 128 9 198210 France 1.6 52,009 f 85 f 4 198111 Finland 2.8 3,954 75 6 197212 United States 5.6 2,186,230 738 9 .. g13 Spain 1.2 64,215 145 8 199514 Denmark 0.8 4,198 77 5 197815 Austria 0.8 8,766 105 5 196816 United Kingdom 2.1 88,458 f 124 f 6 f 199817 Belgium 1.5 9,597 91 4 199618 Luxembourg 0.9 768 167 5 197919 New Zealand 1.3 7,620 186 6 198920 Italy 1.2 61,721 f 104 f 5 199421 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.6 11,580 168 20 ..22 Germany 1.0 78,581 95 5 198723 Israel 2.6 13,909 209 2 1954 h24 Greece 0.8 9,984 90 6 200425 Singapore 0.5 15,038 f 350 f 11 .. g26 Korea (Republic of) 2.2 45,882 97 5 .. g27 Slovenia 1.5 1,301 65 4 198928 Cyprus 1.7 580 f 76 f 3 200229 Portugal 1.8 12,870 121 7 197630 Brunei Darussalam 1.4 529 140 8 1957 i31 Barbados 7.5 997 367 5 .. g32 Czech Republic 2.2 18,950 185 5 199033 Kuwait 1.0 3,500 130 15 .. g34 Malta 1.8 352 86 4 200035 Qatar 0.8 465 55 1 .. g36 Hungary 2.1 15,720 156 6 199037 Poland 1.6 87,901 230 3 199738 Argentina 9.5 54,472 140 5 1984 h39 United Arab Emirates 0.6 8,927 288 11 .. g40 Chile 1.7 39,916 240 7 2001 h41 Bahrain 1.0 701 95 .. .. g42 Slovakia 2.3 8,493 158 5 199043 Lithuania 9.4 8,124 240 3 199844 Estonia 6.8 4,463 333 4 199845 Latvia 8.6 6,676 292 6 1999 h46 Uruguay 5.6 6,947 193 6 190747 Croatia 1.8 3,594 81 5 199048 Costa Rica 6.2 7,782 181 7 187749 Bahamas 15.9 f 1,500 462 2 .. g50 Seychelles 7.4 193 239 8 199351 Cuba .. 55,000 487 .. .. g52 Mexico 13.0 214,450 196 5 200553 Bulgaria 3.1 11,436 148 3 1998322 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Copyright © 2007by the United Nati
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ForewordWhat we do today about clim
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AcknowledgementsThis Report could n
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Jean-Robert Moret, Koos Neefjes, Ii
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From climate shocks today to depriv
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Figures1.1 Rising CO 2emissions are
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… while preserving it for future
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Climate change providesa potent rem
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The real choice facingpolitical lea
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The world’s poor andfuture genera
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Current investment patternsare putt
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Avoiding the unprecedentedthreats p
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The rapid development anddeployment
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Support for the MDGsprovides anothe
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For the current generation,the chal
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• Create a Climate Change Mitigat
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“One generation plants a tree; th
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1The 21 st Century climate challeng
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1Special contributionClimate policy
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1 The 21 st Century climate challen
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1Box 1.3Developed countries have fa
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Climate shocks:risk and vulnerabili
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CHAPTER2Climateshocks: risk andvuln
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in order to cast a light on future
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Box 2.1Under-reporting climate disa
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Box 2.2The global insurance industr
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Box 2.3Hurricane Katrina—the soci
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human rights of the Inuit. The aim
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have been at least 14% lower (table
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intensify these pressures. In Ethio
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unable to build productive assets,
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Climate modelling exercises point t
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Box 2.7Climate change in Malawi—m
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prominently in low human developmen
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Box 2.8Climate change and China’s
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Box 2.9Melting glaciers and retreat
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enign climate change scenarios poin
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Alaska to Siberia has increased by
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donors to invest in rehabilitation.
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more likely. Evidence from the past
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“We shall require a substantially
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3Avoiding dangerous climate change:
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Table 3.1Emission reduction targets
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Box 3.1Leadership by example in car
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Box 3.2Targets and outcomes diverge
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Box 3.3The United Kingdom's climate
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Box 3.5Reducing carbon intensity in
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Box 3.7Renewable energy in Germany
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Box 3.9Palm oil and biofuel develop
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Box 3.11Decarbonizing growth in Ind
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4Adapting to the inevitable:nationa
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CHAPTER4Adapting to the inevitable:
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Mitigation is one part of a twin st
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structures for adaptation planning.
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national climate change projections
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Adjusted for country context, these
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training and support, to 11 regiona
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must take into account the impact o
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Act guarantees 100 days of employme
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• In Kenya, drought in pastoral a
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Box 4.5Risk insurance and adaptatio
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oad umbrella, rich countries are re
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0.7 percent of Gross National Incom
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vulnerable ecosystems. Actual spend
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ange for that risk extends from a n
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countries. 71 The figures are based
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adaptation will require a high leve
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national and subnational programmes
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NotesChapter 11 Diamond 2005.2 Kenn
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oceans, which cover 70 percent of t
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69 Gurría and Manning 2007.70 OCHA
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Canales Davila, Caridad and Alberto
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———. 2006a. “Building a Glo
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EPA (Environment Protection Agency)
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OECD Development Assistance Committ
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Landau, J.P. 2004. “Rapport à Mo
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Regional Hunger and Vulnerability P
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UNDP (United Nations Development Pr
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Readers guide and notes to tablesHu
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sification, which refers only to th
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Note to Table 1: about this year’
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ences in national price levels. The
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TABLE1Monitoringhuman development:
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TABLE1HDI rank aHumandevelopmentind
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TABLE1aMonitoring human development
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TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
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TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
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TABLE3HDI rankHuman povertyindex (H
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TABLE4Monitoring human development:
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TABLE5.. . to lead a long and healt
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TABLE5HDI rankTotal population(mill
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TABLE6HDI rankPublic(% of GDP)Healt
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TABLE7. . . to lead a long and heal
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TABLE7HDI rankMDGPopulation usingim
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TABLE9HDI rankHIVprevalence a(% age
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TABLE10.. . to lead a long and heal
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TABLE10HDI rankLife expectancy at b
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TABLE11. . . to acquire knowledge .
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TABLE11Public expenditure on educat
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TABLE12.. . to acquire knowledge .
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Page 290 and 291: TABLE13HDI rankMDGTelephone mainlin
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Page 294 and 295: TABLE14HDI rankUS$ billions2005GDPG
Page 298 and 299: TABLE15HDI rankSurvey yearMDGShare
Page 302 and 303: TABLE16HDI rankImports of goodsand
Page 306 and 307: TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development
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Page 312 and 313: TABLE19Publicexpenditureon health(%
Page 316 and 317: TABLE21Unemployedpeople(thousands)E
Page 318 and 319: TABLE22HDI rankElectricity consumpt
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Page 322 and 323: TABLE23Share of TPES aFossil fuels
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Page 326 and 327: TABLE24HDI rankTotal(Mt CO 2)Annual
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Page 330 and 331: TABLE25HDI rankCartagenaProtocol on
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Page 334 and 335: TABLE26HDI rankInternallydisplacedp
Page 338 and 339: TABLE27HDI rank2000-04 c 2007 d 200
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Page 362 and 363: TABLE34Humanand labour rights instr
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Page 368 and 369: TABLE35HDI rankFreedom of associati
Page 370 and 371: TECHNICAL NOTE 1Calculating the hum
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Page 374 and 375: Calculating the GDI (continued)Seco
Page 376 and 377: Selected readingsAnand, Sudhir, and
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Page 380 and 381: Earned income (PPP US$), estimated
Page 382 and 383: individual or household. The Gini i
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Unemployment Refers to all people a
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Statec. 2006. Correspondence on gro
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Countries in the income aggregatesH
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Developing countries in the regiona
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Index to Millennium Development Goa
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The 21st Century climate challenge

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