The 21st Century climate challenge

Earned income (PPP US$), estimated Derived onthe basis of the ratio of the female nonagriculturalwage to the male nonagricultural wage, the femaleand male shares of the economically active population,total female and male population and GDPper capita (in purchasing power parity terms in USdollars; see PPP). For details of this estimation, seeTechnical note 1.Earned income, ratio of estimated female to maleThe ratio of estimated female earned income to estimatedmale earned income. See Earned income (PPPUS$), estimated.Education expenditure, current public Spending ongoods and services that are consumed within the currentyear and that would need to be renewed the followingyear, including such expenditures as staff salariesand benefits, contracted or purchased services, booksand teaching materials, welfare services, furniture andequipment, minor repairs, fuel, insurance, rents, telecommunicationsand travel.Education expenditure, public Includes both capitalexpenditures (spending on construction, renovation,major repairs and purchases of heavy equipmentor vehicles) and current expenditures. See Educationexpenditure, current public.Education index One of the three indices on whichthe human development index is built. It is based onthe adult literacy rate and the combined gross enrolmentratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools.See Literacy rate, adult, and enrolment ratio, gross combined,for primary, secondary and tertiary schools. Fordetails on how the index is calculated, see Technicalnote 1.Education levels Categorized as pre-primary, primary,secondary, post-secondary and tertiary in accordancewith the International Standard Classification ofEducation (ISCED). Pre-primary education (ISCEDlevel 0) is the initial stage of organized instruction,designed primarily to introduce very young childrento a school-type environment and to provide abridge between home and school. Primary education(ISCED level 1) provides a sound basic educationin reading, writing and mathematics along with anelementary understanding of other subjects such ashistory, geography, natural and social science, art,music and religion. Secondary education (ISCED levels2 and 3) is generally designed to continue the basicprogrammes of the primary level but the instructionis typically more subject-focused, requiring more specializedteachers for each subject area. Post-secondary(non-tertiary) education (ISCED level 4) includes programmeswhich lie between upper secondary (ISCED3) and tertiary education (ISCED 5 and 6) in an internationalcontext though typically are clearly withinone or other level in the national context in differentcountries. ISCED 4 programmes are usually not significantlymore advanced than ISCED 3 programmesbut they serve to broaden the knowledge of studentswho have already completed an upper secondary programme.Tertiary education (ISCED levels 5 and 6)refers to programmes with an educational contentthat is more advanced than upper secondary or postsecondaryeducation. The first stage of tertiary education(ISCED 5) is composed both of programmes ofa theoretical nature (ISCED 5A) intended to provideaccess to advanced research programmes and professionswith high skill requirements as well as programmesof a more practical, technical or occupationallyspecific nature (ISCED 5B). The second stage oftertiary education (ISCED 6) comprises programmesdevoted to advanced study and original research, leadingto the award of an advanced research qualificationsuch as a doctorate.Energy supply, primary refers to the supply of energyextracted or captured directly from natural resourcessuch as crude oil, hard coal, natural gas, or are producedfrom primary commodities. Primary energy commoditiesmay also be divided into fuels of fossil origin andrenewable energy commodities. See fossil fuels andrenewable energy.Electricity consumption per capita Refers to grossproduction in per capita terms and includes consumptionby station auxiliaries and any losses in transformersthat are considered integral parts of the station.Also included is total electric energy produced bypumping installations without deduction of electricenergy absorbed by pumping.Electricity, people without access refers to the lackof access to electricity at the household level; that is thenumber of people who do not have electricity in theirhome. Access to electricity is comprised of electricitysold commercially, both on-grid and off-grid. It alsoincludes self-generated electricity in those countrieswhere access to electricity has been assessed throughsurveys by national administrations. This data does notcapture unauthorised connections.Electrification rates indicate the number of peoplewith electricity access as a percentage of the totalpopulation.Employment by economic activity Employment inindustry, agriculture or services as defined accordingto the International Standard Industrial Classification(ISIC) system (revisions 2 and 3). Industry refers tomining and quarrying, manufacturing, constructionand public utilities (gas, water and electricity). Agriculturerefers to activities in agriculture, hunting, forestryand fishing. Services refer to wholesale and retail trade;restaurants and hotels; transport, storage and communications;finance, insurance, real estate and businessservices; and community, social and personal services.Energy use, GDP per unit of The ratio of GDP (in2000 PPP US$) to commercial energy use, measuredin kilograms of oil equivalent. This indicator providesa measure of energy efficiency by showing comparableand consistent estimates of real GDP across countriesrelative to physical inputs (units of energy use). SeeGDP (gross domestic product) and PPP (purchasingpower parity). Differences in this ratio over time andacross countries partly reflect structural changes in theeconomy, changes in energy efficiency of particular sectors,and differences in fuel mixes.HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 365