The 21st Century climate challenge

TABLE13. . . to acquire knowledge . . .Technology: diffusion and creationHDI rankMDGTelephone mainlines a(per 1,000 people)MDGCellular subscribers a(per 1,000 people)MDGInternet users(per 1,000 people)Patentsgranted toresidents(per millionpeople)Receiptsof royaltiesand licencefees(US$ perperson)Researchanddevelopment(R&D)expenditures(% of GDP)Researchersin R&D(per millionpeople)1990 2005 1990 2005 1990 2005 2000–05 b 2005 2000–05 b 1990–2005 bHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Iceland 512 653 39 1,024 0 869 0 0.0 3.0 6,8072 Norway 503 460 46 1,028 7 735 103 78.4 1.7 4,5873 Australia 456 564 11 906 6 698 31 25.0 1.7 3,7594 Canada 550 566 21 514 4 520 35 107.6 1.9 3,5975 Ireland 280 489 7 1,012 0 276 80 142.2 1.2 2,6746 Sweden 683 717 c 54 935 6 764 166 367.7 3.7 5,4167 Switzerland 587 689 19 921 6 498 77 .. 2.6 3,6018 Japan 441 460 7 742 (.) 668 857 138.0 3.1 5,2879 Netherlands 464 466 5 970 3 739 110 236.8 1.8 2,48210 France 495 586 5 789 1 430 155 97.1 2.2 3,21311 Finland 535 404 52 997 4 534 214 230.0 3.5 7,83212 United States 545 606 c 21 680 8 630 c 244 191.5 2.7 4,60513 Spain 325 422 1 952 (.) 348 53 12.9 1.1 2,19514 Denmark 566 619 29 1,010 1 527 19 .. 2.6 5,01615 Austria 418 450 10 991 1 486 92 21.3 2.3 2,96816 United Kingdom 441 528 19 1,088 1 473 62 220.8 1.9 2,70617 Belgium 393 461 c 4 903 (.) 458 51 106.5 1.9 3,06518 Luxembourg 481 535 2 1,576 0 690 31 627.9 1.8 4,30119 New Zealand 426 422 16 861 0 672 10 24.8 1.2 3,94520 Italy 394 427 5 1,232 (.) 478 71 19.3 1.1 1,21321 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 434 546 23 1,252 0 508 5 31.2 c 0.6 1,56422 Germany 401 667 3 960 1 455 158 82.6 2.5 3,26123 Israel 349 424 3 1,120 1 470 c 48 91.2 4.5 ..24 Greece 389 568 0 904 0 180 29 5.4 0.6 1,41325 Singapore 346 425 17 1,010 0 571 c 96 125.8 2.3 4,99926 Korea (Republic of) 310 492 2 794 (.) 684 1,113 38.2 2.6 3,18727 Slovenia 211 408 0 879 0 545 113 8.2 1.6 2,54328 Cyprus 424 554 5 949 0 430 7 18.1 0.4 63029 Portugal 240 401 1 1,085 0 279 14 5.7 0.8 1,94930 Brunei Darussalam 136 224 7 623 0 277 c .. .. 0.0 27431 Barbados 281 500 0 765 0 594 .. 5.8 .. ..32 Czech Republic 157 314 0 1,151 0 269 34 6.2 1.3 1,59433 Kuwait 156 201 10 939 0 276 .. 0.0 0.2 ..34 Malta 356 501 0 803 0 315 0 7.5 0.3 68135 Qatar 197 253 8 882 0 269 .. .. .. ..36 Hungary 96 333 (.) 924 0 297 13 82.7 0.9 1,47237 Poland 86 309 0 764 0 262 28 1.6 0.6 1,58138 Argentina 93 227 (.) 570 0 177 4 1.4 0.4 72039 United Arab Emirates 224 273 19 1,000 0 308 .. .. .. ..40 Chile 66 211 1 649 0 172 1 3.3 0.6 44441 Bahrain 191 270 10 1,030 0 213 .. .. .. ..42 Slovakia 135 222 0 843 0 464 9 9.2 d 0.5 1,98443 Lithuania 211 235 0 1,275 0 358 21 0.6 0.8 2,13644 Estonia 204 328 0 1,074 0 513 56 4.0 0.9 2,52345 Latvia 232 318 0 814 0 448 36 4.3 0.4 1,43446 Uruguay 134 290 0 333 0 193 1 (.) 0.3 36647 Croatia 172 425 (.) 672 0 327 4 16.1 1.1 1,29648 Costa Rica 92 321 0 254 0 254 .. 0.0 0.4 ..49 Bahamas 274 439 c 8 584 c 0 319 .. .. .. ..50 Seychelles 124 253 0 675 0 249 .. .. 0.1 1951 Cuba 32 75 0 12 0 17 3 .. 0.6 ..52 Mexico 64 189 1 460 0 181 1 0.7 0.4 26853 Bulgaria 250 321 0 807 0 206 10 0.7 0.5 1,263Human development indicatorsHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 273