The 21st Century climate challenge

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TABLE1aMonitoring human development: enlarging people’s choices . . .Basic indicators for other UN member statesLifeexpectancyat birth(years)Human development index componentsMDGPopulationusing animprovedwatersource(%)Adult literacyCombined grossenrolment ratiofor primary, GDP perTotalfertilityrateMDGUnder-fivemortalityMDGNetprimary HIVMDGPopulationundernourishedrate secondary and capita Total (births rate enrolment prevalence a(% aged 15 tertiary education (PPP population per (per 1,000 rate (% aged (% of totaland above) (%) US$) (thousands) woman) live births) (%) 15–49) population)2005 1995–2005 b 2005 2005 2005 2000–05 2005 2005 2005 2002/04 c 2004Afghanistan 42.9 28.0 42.8 d .. 25,067 7.5 257 ..
TABLE2Monitoringhuman development: enlarging people’s choices…Human development index trendsHDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Human development indicatorsHIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Iceland 0.868 0.890 0.899 0.918 0.923 0.947 0.9682 Norway 0.870 0.889 0.900 0.913 0.938 0.958 0.9683 Australia 0.851 0.868 0.880 0.894 0.934 0.949 0.9624 Canada 0.873 0.888 0.911 0.931 0.936 0.946 0.9615 Ireland 0.823 0.835 0.851 0.875 0.898 0.931 0.9596 Sweden 0.872 0.882 0.893 0.904 0.935 0.952 0.9567 Switzerland 0.883 0.895 0.902 0.915 0.926 0.946 0.9558 Japan 0.861 0.886 0.899 0.916 0.929 0.941 0.9539 Netherlands 0.873 0.885 0.899 0.914 0.934 0.947 0.95310 France 0.856 0.872 0.884 0.907 0.925 0.938 0.95211 Finland 0.846 0.866 0.884 0.906 0.918 0.940 0.95212 United States 0.870 0.890 0.904 0.919 0.931 0.942 0.95113 Spain 0.846 0.863 0.877 0.896 0.914 0.932 0.94914 Denmark 0.875 0.883 0.890 0.898 0.916 0.935 0.94915 Austria 0.848 0.862 0.876 0.899 0.918 0.938 0.94816 United Kingdom 0.853 0.860 0.870 0.890 0.929 0.931 0.94617 Belgium 0.852 0.869 0.883 0.903 0.931 0.943 0.94618 Luxembourg 0.836 0.850 0.863 0.890 0.913 0.929 0.94419 New Zealand 0.854 0.860 0.871 0.880 0.908 0.927 0.94320 Italy 0.845 0.861 0.869 0.892 0.910 0.926 0.94121 Hong Kong, China (SAR) 0.763 0.803 0.830 0.865 0.886 0.919 0.93722 Germany .. 0.863 0.871 0.890 0.913 0.928 0.93523 Israel 0.805 0.830 0.850 0.869 0.891 0.918 0.93224 Greece 0.841 0.856 0.869 0.877 0.882 0.897 0.92625 Singapore 0.729 0.762 0.789 0.827 0.865 .. 0.92226 Korea (Republic of) 0.713 0.747 0.785 0.825 0.861 0.892 0.92127 Slovenia .. .. .. 0.851 0.857 0.891 0.91728 Cyprus .. 0.809 0.828 0.851 0.870 0.893 0.90329 Portugal 0.793 0.807 0.829 0.855 0.885 0.904 0.89730 Brunei Darussalam .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.89431 Barbados .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.89232 Czech Republic .. .. .. 0.845 0.854 0.866 0.89133 Kuwait 0.771 0.789 0.794 .. 0.826 0.855 0.89134 Malta 0.738 0.772 0.799 0.833 0.857 0.877 0.87835 Qatar .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.87536 Hungary 0.786 0.801 0.813 0.813 0.817 0.845 0.87437 Poland .. .. .. 0.806 0.822 0.852 0.87038 Argentina 0.790 0.804 0.811 0.813 0.836 0.862 0.86939 United Arab Emirates 0.734 0.769 0.790 0.816 0.825 0.837 0.86840 Chile 0.708 0.743 0.761 0.788 0.819 0.845 0.86741 Bahrain .. 0.747 0.783 0.808 0.834 0.846 0.86642 Slovakia .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.86343 Lithuania .. .. .. 0.827 0.791 0.831 0.86244 Estonia .. 0.811 0.820 0.813 0.792 0.829 0.86045 Latvia .. 0.797 0.810 0.804 0.771 0.817 0.85546 Uruguay 0.762 0.782 0.787 0.806 0.821 0.842 0.85247 Croatia .. .. .. 0.812 0.805 0.828 0.85048 Costa Rica 0.746 0.772 0.774 0.794 0.814 0.830 0.84649 Bahamas .. 0.809 0.822 0.831 0.820 0.825 0.84550 Seychelles .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.84351 Cuba .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.83852 Mexico 0.694 0.739 0.758 0.768 0.786 0.814 0.82953 Bulgaria .. 0.771 0.792 0.794 0.785 0.800 0.824234 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Copyright © 2007by the United Nati
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ForewordWhat we do today about clim
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AcknowledgementsThis Report could n
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Jean-Robert Moret, Koos Neefjes, Ii
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From climate shocks today to depriv
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Figures1.1 Rising CO 2emissions are
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… while preserving it for future
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Climate change providesa potent rem
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The real choice facingpolitical lea
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The world’s poor andfuture genera
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Current investment patternsare putt
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Avoiding the unprecedentedthreats p
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The rapid development anddeployment
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Support for the MDGsprovides anothe
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For the current generation,the chal
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• Create a Climate Change Mitigat
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“One generation plants a tree; th
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1The 21 st Century climate challeng
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1Special contributionClimate policy
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1 The 21 st Century climate challen
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1Box 1.3Developed countries have fa
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Climate shocks:risk and vulnerabili
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CHAPTER2Climateshocks: risk andvuln
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in order to cast a light on future
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Box 2.1Under-reporting climate disa
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Box 2.2The global insurance industr
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Box 2.3Hurricane Katrina—the soci
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human rights of the Inuit. The aim
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have been at least 14% lower (table
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intensify these pressures. In Ethio
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unable to build productive assets,
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Climate modelling exercises point t
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Box 2.7Climate change in Malawi—m
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prominently in low human developmen
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Box 2.8Climate change and China’s
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Box 2.9Melting glaciers and retreat
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enign climate change scenarios poin
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Alaska to Siberia has increased by
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donors to invest in rehabilitation.
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more likely. Evidence from the past
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“We shall require a substantially
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3Avoiding dangerous climate change:
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Table 3.1Emission reduction targets
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Box 3.1Leadership by example in car
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Box 3.2Targets and outcomes diverge
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Box 3.3The United Kingdom's climate
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Box 3.5Reducing carbon intensity in
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Box 3.7Renewable energy in Germany
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Box 3.9Palm oil and biofuel develop
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Box 3.11Decarbonizing growth in Ind
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4Adapting to the inevitable:nationa
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CHAPTER4Adapting to the inevitable:
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Mitigation is one part of a twin st
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structures for adaptation planning.
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national climate change projections
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Adjusted for country context, these
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training and support, to 11 regiona
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must take into account the impact o
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Act guarantees 100 days of employme
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• In Kenya, drought in pastoral a
Page 198 and 199: Box 4.5Risk insurance and adaptatio
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Page 204 and 205: vulnerable ecosystems. Actual spend
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Page 208 and 209: countries. 71 The figures are based
Page 210 and 211: adaptation will require a high leve
Page 212 and 213: national and subnational programmes
Page 214 and 215: NotesChapter 11 Diamond 2005.2 Kenn
Page 216 and 217: oceans, which cover 70 percent of t
Page 218 and 219: 69 Gurría and Manning 2007.70 OCHA
Page 220 and 221: Canales Davila, Caridad and Alberto
Page 222 and 223: ———. 2006a. “Building a Glo
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Page 226 and 227: OECD Development Assistance Committ
Page 228 and 229: Landau, J.P. 2004. “Rapport à Mo
Page 230 and 231: Regional Hunger and Vulnerability P
Page 232 and 233: UNDP (United Nations Development Pr
Page 236 and 237: Readers guide and notes to tablesHu
Page 238 and 239: sification, which refers only to th
Page 240 and 241: Note to Table 1: about this year’
Page 242 and 243: ences in national price levels. The
Page 244 and 245: TABLE1Monitoringhuman development:
Page 246 and 247: TABLE1HDI rank aHumandevelopmentind
Page 250 and 251: TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
Page 252 and 253: TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
Page 254 and 255: TABLE3HDI rankHuman povertyindex (H
Page 256 and 257: TABLE4Monitoring human development:
Page 258 and 259: TABLE5.. . to lead a long and healt
Page 260 and 261: TABLE5HDI rankTotal population(mill
Page 264 and 265: TABLE6HDI rankPublic(% of GDP)Healt
Page 266 and 267: TABLE7. . . to lead a long and heal
Page 268 and 269: TABLE7HDI rankMDGPopulation usingim
Page 274 and 275: TABLE9HDI rankHIVprevalence a(% age
Page 276 and 277: TABLE10.. . to lead a long and heal
Page 278 and 279: TABLE10HDI rankLife expectancy at b
Page 280 and 281: TABLE11. . . to acquire knowledge .
Page 282 and 283: TABLE11Public expenditure on educat
Page 284 and 285: TABLE12.. . to acquire knowledge .
Page 286 and 287: TABLE12HDI rankAdult literacy rate(
Page 288 and 289: TABLE13. . . to acquire knowledge .
Page 290 and 291: TABLE13HDI rankMDGTelephone mainlin
Page 292 and 293: TABLE14.. . to have access to the r
Page 294 and 295: TABLE14HDI rankUS$ billions2005GDPG
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TABLE15HDI rankSurvey yearMDGShare
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TABLE16.. . to have access to the r
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TABLE16HDI rankImports of goodsand
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TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development
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TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development
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TABLE19HDI rankPublicexpenditureon
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TABLE19Publicexpenditureon health(%
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TABLE21Unemployedpeople(thousands)E
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TABLE22HDI rankElectricity consumpt
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TABLE22Electricity consumptionper c
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TABLE23Share of TPES aFossil fuels
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TABLE23Share of TPES aFossil fuels
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TABLE24HDI rankTotal(Mt CO 2)Annual
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TABLE24Total(Mt CO 2)Annualchange(%
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TABLE25HDI rankCartagenaProtocol on
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TABLE25HDI rankCartagenaProtocol on
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TABLE26HDI rankInternallydisplacedp
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TABLE26Conventional arms transfers
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TABLE27HDI rank2000-04 c 2007 d 200
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TABLE27HDI rank2000-04 c 2007 d 200
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TABLE28HDI rankGender-relateddevelo
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TABLE28Gender-relateddevelopmentind
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TABLE29HDI rankGender empowerment m
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TABLE29MDG Female legislators, Fema
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TABLE30HDI rankAdult literacy aFema
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TABLE30Adult literacy aMDGYouth lit
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TABLE31HDI rankFemale economic acti
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TABLE31HDI rankFemale economic acti
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TABLE33.. . and achieving equality
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TABLE33Year women received right aY
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TABLE34Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE34HDI rankInternationalConvent
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TABLE35Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE35HDI rankFreedom of associati
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TECHNICAL NOTE 1Calculating the hum
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Calculating the GDI (continued)Seco
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Selected readingsAnand, Sudhir, and
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under the age of five countries tha
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Earned income (PPP US$), estimated
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individual or household. The Gini i
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problems of under reporting and mis
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Unemployment Refers to all people a
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Statec. 2006. Correspondence on gro
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Countries in the income aggregatesH
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Developing countries in the regiona
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Index to Millennium Development Goa
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The 21st Century climate challenge

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