The 21st Century climate challenge

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TABLE14HDI rankUS$ billions2005GDPGDP per capitaHighestvalue during1975–2005Average annual changein consumer price index(%)Annual growth ratePPP US$2005 PPPYear ofbillions US$ US$ a(%)2005 PPP highest2005 2005 2005 1975–2005 1990–2005 US$ a value 1990–2005 2004–05107 Indonesia 287.2 847.6 1,302 3,843 3.9 2.1 3,843 2005 13.3 10.5108 Syrian Arab Republic 26.3 72.5 1,382 3,808 0.9 1.4 3,808 2005 4.9 ..109 Turkmenistan 8.1 15.4 h 1,669 3,838 h .. -6.8 b 6,752 b 1988 .. ..110 Nicaragua 4.9 18.9 d 954 3,674 d -2.1 1.8 7,187 1977 18.9 9.4111 Moldova 2.9 8.8 694 2,100 -4.4 b -3.5 4,168 b 1989 16.5 13.1112 Egypt 89.4 321.1 1,207 4,337 2.8 2.4 4,337 2005 6.6 4.9113 Uzbekistan 14.0 54.0 533 2,063 -0.4 b 0.3 2,080 b 1989 .. ..114 Mongolia 1.9 5.4 736 2,107 1.2 b 2.2 2,107 b 2005 19.2 8.9115 Honduras 8.3 24.7 d 1,151 3,430 d 0.2 0.5 3,430 2005 15.0 8.8116 Kyrgyzstan 2.4 9.9 475 1,927 -2.3 b -1.3 2,806 b 1990 13.2 4.4117 Bolivia 9.3 25.9 1,017 2,819 -0.2 1.3 3,025 1977 6.3 5.4118 Guatemala 31.7 57.6 d 2,517 4,568 d 0.4 1.3 4,568 2005 8.6 8.4119 Gabon 8.1 9.6 5,821 6,954 -1.4 -0.4 13,812 1976 3.0 (.)120 Vanuatu .. .. .. 3,225 0.1 b .. 3,833 b 1984 .. ..121 South Africa 239.5 520.9 d 5,109 11,110 d -0.3 0.6 11,617 1981 7.4 3.4122 Tajikistan 2.3 8.8 355 1,356 -6.3 b -4.0 3,150 b 1988 .. ..123 Sao Tome and Principe 0.1 0.3 451 2,178 0.3 b 0.5 2,178 b 2005 .. ..124 Botswana 10.3 21.9 5,846 12,387 5.9 4.8 12,387 2005 7.9 8.6125 Namibia 6.1 15.4 d 3,016 7,586 d 0.1 b 1.4 7,586 b 2005 .. 2.3126 Morocco 51.6 137.4 1,711 4,555 1.4 1.5 4,555 2005 2.8 1.0127 Equatorial Guinea 3.2 3.8 c,d 6,416 7,874 c,d 11.7 b 16.6 7,874 b 2004 7.6 ..128 India 805.7 3,779.0 d 736 3,452 d 3.4 4.2 3,452 2005 7.2 4.2129 Solomon Islands 0.3 1.0 d 624 2,031 d 1.1 -2.4 2,804 1996 9.6 7.2130 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 2.9 12.1 485 2,039 3.4 b 3.8 2,039 b 2005 28.0 7.2131 Cambodia 6.2 38.4 d 440 2,727 d .. 5.5 b 2,727 b 2005 3.9 5.7132 Myanmar .. .. .. .. 2.6 b 6.6 b .. .. 25.2 9.4133 Bhutan 0.8 .. 1,325 .. 5.4 b 5.6 b .. .. 7.0 5.3134 Comoros 0.4 1.2 d 645 1,993 d -0.6 b -0.4 2,272 b 1984 .. ..135 Ghana 10.7 54.8 d 485 2,480 d 0.7 2.0 2,480 2005 25.6 15.1136 Pakistan 110.7 369.2 711 2,370 2.5 1.3 2,370 2005 7.5 9.1137 Mauritania 1.9 6.9 d 603 2,234 d -0.1 0.3 2,338 1976 5.8 12.1138 Lesotho 1.5 6.0 d 808 3,335 d 2.7 2.3 3,335 2005 8.5 3.4139 Congo 5.1 5.0 1,273 1,262 -0.1 -1.0 1,758 1984 6.4 5.3140 Bangladesh 60.0 291.2 423 2,053 2.0 2.9 2,053 2005 5.1 7.0141 Swaziland 2.7 5.5 2,414 4,824 1.6 0.2 4,824 2005 8.7 4.8142 Nepal 7.4 42.1 272 1,550 2.0 2.0 1,550 2005 6.8 6.8143 Madagascar 5.0 17.2 271 923 -1.6 -0.7 1,450 1975 14.7 18.5144 Cameroon 16.9 37.5 1,034 2,299 -0.4 0.6 3,175 1986 4.7 2.0145 Papua New Guinea 4.9 15.1 d 840 2,563 d 0.5 0.2 2,986 1994 10.1 1.7146 Haiti 4.3 14.2 d 500 1,663 d -2.2 -2.0 3,151 1980 19.6 15.7147 Sudan 27.5 75.5 d 760 2,083 d 1.3 3.5 2,083 2005 41.8 8.5148 Kenya 18.7 42.5 547 1,240 0.1 -0.1 1,263 1990 11.6 10.3149 Djibouti 0.7 1.7 d 894 2,178 d -2.7 b -2.7 3,200 b 1990 .. ..150 Timor-Leste 0.3 .. 358 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..151 Zimbabwe 3.4 26.5 259 2,038 -0.5 -2.1 3,228 1998 36.1 ..152 Togo 2.2 9.3 d 358 1,506 d -1.1 (.) 2,133 1980 5.7 6.8153 Yemen 15.1 19.5 718 930 1.5 b 1.5 943 b 2002 20.8 ..154 Uganda 8.7 41.9 d 303 1,454 d 2.4 b 3.2 1,454 b 2005 7.1 8.2155 Gambia 0.5 2.9 d 304 1,921 d -0.1 0.1 1,932 1984 5.0 3.2LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT156 Senegal 8.2 20.9 707 1,792 (.) 1.2 1,792 2005 3.7 1.7157 Eritrea 1.0 4.9 d 220 1,109 d .. 0.3 b 1,435 b 1997 .. ..158 Nigeria 99.0 148.3 752 1,128 -0.1 0.8 1,177 1977 23.5 13.5159 Tanzania (United Republic of) 12.1 28.5 316 744 1.4 b 1.7 744 b 2005 13.8 8.6Human development indicatorsHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 279
GDP per capitaGDPHighestvalue duringAverage annual changeAnnual growth ratein consumer price indexPPP US$2005 PPP1975–2005 Year ofUS$ billions billions US$ US$ a(%)2005 PPP highest(%)HDI rank2005 2005 2005 2005 1975–2005 1990–2005 US$ a value 1990–2005 2004–05160 Guinea 3.3 21.8 350 2,316 1.0 b 1.2 2,316 b 2005 .. ..161 Rwanda 2.2 10.9 d 238 1,206 d -0.3 0.1 1,358 1983 11.2 9.1162 Angola 32.8 37.2 d 2,058 2,335 d -0.6 b 1.5 2,335 b 2005 393.3 23.0163 Benin 4.3 9.6 508 1,141 0.4 1.4 1,141 2005 5.6 5.4164 Malawi 2.1 8.6 161 667 -0.2 1.0 719 1979 28.4 15.4165 Zambia 7.3 11.9 623 1,023 -1.8 -0.3 1,559 1976 40.0 18.3166 Côte d’Ivoire 16.3 29.9 900 1,648 -2.1 -0.5 3,195 1978 5.4 3.9167 Burundi 0.8 5.3 d 106 699 d -1.0 -2.8 1,047 1991 13.8 13.0168 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 7.1 41.1 d 123 714 d -4.9 -5.2 2,488 1975 424.3 21.3169 Ethiopia 11.2 75.1 d 157 1,055 d -0.2 b 1.5 1,055 b 2005 4.2 11.6170 Chad 5.5 13.9 d 561 1,427 d 0.5 1.7 1,427 2005 5.3 7.9171 Central African Republic 1.4 4.9 d 339 1,224 d -1.5 -0.6 1,935 1977 3.9 2.9172 Mozambique 6.6 24.6 d 335 1,242 d 2.3 b 4.3 1,242 b 2005 22.1 7.2173 Mali 5.3 14.0 392 1,033 0.2 2.2 1,033 2005 3.8 6.4174 Niger 3.4 10.9 d 244 781 d -1.7 -0.5 1,293 1979 4.4 7.8175 Guinea-Bissau 0.3 1.3 d 190 827 d -0.6 -2.6 1,264 1997 20.2 3.3176 Burkina Faso 5.2 16.0 d 391 1,213 d 0.9 1.3 1,213 2005 4.1 6.4177 Sierra Leone 1.2 4.5 216 806 -2.1 -1.4 1,111 1982 19.7 12.1Developing countries 9,812.5 T 26,732.3 T 1,939 5,282 2.5 3.1 .. .. .. ..Least developed countries 306.2 T 1,081.8 T 424 1,499 0.9 1.8 .. .. .. ..Arab States 1,043.4 T 1,915.2 T 3,659 6,716 0.7 2.3 .. .. .. ..East Asia and the Pacifi c 4,122.5 T 12,846.6 T 2,119 6,604 6.1 5.8 .. .. .. ..Latin America and the Caribbean 2,469.5 T 4,639.2 T 4,480 8,417 0.7 1.2 .. .. .. ..South Asia 1,206.1 T 5,152.2 T 800 3,416 2.6 3.4 .. .. .. ..Sub-Saharan Africa 589.9 T 1,395.6 T 845 1,998 -0.5 0.5 .. .. .. ..Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS 1,873.0 T 3,827.2 T 4,662 9,527 1.4 1.4 .. .. .. ..OECD 34,851.2 T 34,076.8 T 29,860 29,197 2.0 1.8 .. .. .. ..High-income OECD 32,404.5 T 30,711.7 T 35,696 33,831 2.1 1.8 .. .. .. ..High human development 37,978.4 T 39,633.4 T 22,984 23,986 1.9 1.8 .. .. .. ..Medium human development 5,881.2 T 20,312.6 T 1,412 4,876 3.2 4.0 .. .. .. ..Low human development 236.4 T 544.2 T 483 1,112 -0.7 0.6 .. .. .. ..High income 34,338.1 T 32,680.7 T 34,759 33,082 2.1 1.8 .. .. .. ..Middle income 8,552.0 T 22,586.3 T 2,808 7,416 2.1 3.0 .. .. .. ..Low income 1,416.2 T 5,879.1 T 610 2,531 2.2 2.9 .. .. .. ..World 44,155.7 T 60,597.3 T 6,954 9,543 1.4 1.5 .. .. .. ..Human development indicatorsTABLE14 Economic performanceNOTESa. GDP values expressed in 2005 constant prices.b. Data refer to a period shorter than that specifi ed.c. Data refer to 2004.d. World Bank estimates based on regression.e. Data refer to 2003.f. Data refer to 2002.g. Estimate based on a bilateral comparisonbetween China and the United States (Ruoen andKai 1995).h. Data refer to 2000.i. Data refer to 2001.SOURCESColumns 1–4: World Bank 2007b; aggregatescalculated for HDRO by the World Bank.Columns 5 and 6: World Bank 2007b; aggregatescalculated for HDRO by the World Bank using the leastsquares method.Columns 7 and 8: calculated based on GDP percapita (PPP US$) time series from World Bank 2007b.Columns 9 and 10: calculated based on data on theconsumer price index from World Bank 2007b.280 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Copyright © 2007by the United Nati
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ForewordWhat we do today about clim
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AcknowledgementsThis Report could n
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Jean-Robert Moret, Koos Neefjes, Ii
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From climate shocks today to depriv
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Figures1.1 Rising CO 2emissions are
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… while preserving it for future
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Climate change providesa potent rem
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The real choice facingpolitical lea
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The world’s poor andfuture genera
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Current investment patternsare putt
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Avoiding the unprecedentedthreats p
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The rapid development anddeployment
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Support for the MDGsprovides anothe
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For the current generation,the chal
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• Create a Climate Change Mitigat
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“One generation plants a tree; th
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1The 21 st Century climate challeng
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1Special contributionClimate policy
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1 The 21 st Century climate challen
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1Box 1.3Developed countries have fa
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Climate shocks:risk and vulnerabili
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CHAPTER2Climateshocks: risk andvuln
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in order to cast a light on future
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Box 2.1Under-reporting climate disa
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Box 2.2The global insurance industr
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Box 2.3Hurricane Katrina—the soci
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human rights of the Inuit. The aim
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have been at least 14% lower (table
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intensify these pressures. In Ethio
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unable to build productive assets,
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Climate modelling exercises point t
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Box 2.7Climate change in Malawi—m
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prominently in low human developmen
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Box 2.8Climate change and China’s
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Box 2.9Melting glaciers and retreat
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enign climate change scenarios poin
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Alaska to Siberia has increased by
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donors to invest in rehabilitation.
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more likely. Evidence from the past
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“We shall require a substantially
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3Avoiding dangerous climate change:
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Table 3.1Emission reduction targets
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Box 3.1Leadership by example in car
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Box 3.2Targets and outcomes diverge
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Box 3.3The United Kingdom's climate
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Box 3.5Reducing carbon intensity in
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Box 3.7Renewable energy in Germany
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Box 3.9Palm oil and biofuel develop
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Box 3.11Decarbonizing growth in Ind
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4Adapting to the inevitable:nationa
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CHAPTER4Adapting to the inevitable:
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Mitigation is one part of a twin st
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structures for adaptation planning.
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national climate change projections
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Adjusted for country context, these
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training and support, to 11 regiona
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must take into account the impact o
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Act guarantees 100 days of employme
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• In Kenya, drought in pastoral a
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Box 4.5Risk insurance and adaptatio
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oad umbrella, rich countries are re
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0.7 percent of Gross National Incom
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vulnerable ecosystems. Actual spend
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ange for that risk extends from a n
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countries. 71 The figures are based
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adaptation will require a high leve
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national and subnational programmes
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NotesChapter 11 Diamond 2005.2 Kenn
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oceans, which cover 70 percent of t
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69 Gurría and Manning 2007.70 OCHA
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Canales Davila, Caridad and Alberto
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———. 2006a. “Building a Glo
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EPA (Environment Protection Agency)
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OECD Development Assistance Committ
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Landau, J.P. 2004. “Rapport à Mo
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Regional Hunger and Vulnerability P
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UNDP (United Nations Development Pr
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Readers guide and notes to tablesHu
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sification, which refers only to th
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Note to Table 1: about this year’
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ences in national price levels. The
Page 244 and 245: TABLE1Monitoringhuman development:
Page 246 and 247: TABLE1HDI rank aHumandevelopmentind
Page 248 and 249: TABLE1aMonitoring human development
Page 250 and 251: TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
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Page 254 and 255: TABLE3HDI rankHuman povertyindex (H
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Page 258 and 259: TABLE5.. . to lead a long and healt
Page 260 and 261: TABLE5HDI rankTotal population(mill
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Page 268 and 269: TABLE7HDI rankMDGPopulation usingim
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Page 278 and 279: TABLE10HDI rankLife expectancy at b
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Page 282 and 283: TABLE11Public expenditure on educat
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Page 286 and 287: TABLE12HDI rankAdult literacy rate(
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Page 290 and 291: TABLE13HDI rankMDGTelephone mainlin
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Page 298 and 299: TABLE15HDI rankSurvey yearMDGShare
Page 302 and 303: TABLE16HDI rankImports of goodsand
Page 306 and 307: TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development
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Page 310 and 311: TABLE19HDI rankPublicexpenditureon
Page 312 and 313: TABLE19Publicexpenditureon health(%
Page 316 and 317: TABLE21Unemployedpeople(thousands)E
Page 318 and 319: TABLE22HDI rankElectricity consumpt
Page 320 and 321: TABLE22Electricity consumptionper c
Page 322 and 323: TABLE23Share of TPES aFossil fuels
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Page 326 and 327: TABLE24HDI rankTotal(Mt CO 2)Annual
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Page 330 and 331: TABLE25HDI rankCartagenaProtocol on
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Page 334 and 335: TABLE26HDI rankInternallydisplacedp
Page 336 and 337: TABLE26Conventional arms transfers
Page 338 and 339: TABLE27HDI rank2000-04 c 2007 d 200
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Page 342 and 343: TABLE28HDI rankGender-relateddevelo
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TABLE28Gender-relateddevelopmentind
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TABLE29HDI rankGender empowerment m
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TABLE29MDG Female legislators, Fema
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TABLE30HDI rankAdult literacy aFema
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TABLE30Adult literacy aMDGYouth lit
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TABLE31HDI rankFemale economic acti
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TABLE31HDI rankFemale economic acti
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TABLE33.. . and achieving equality
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TABLE33Year women received right aY
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TABLE34Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE34HDI rankInternationalConvent
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TABLE35Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE35HDI rankFreedom of associati
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TECHNICAL NOTE 1Calculating the hum
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Calculating the GDI (continued)Seco
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Selected readingsAnand, Sudhir, and
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under the age of five countries tha
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Earned income (PPP US$), estimated
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individual or household. The Gini i
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problems of under reporting and mis
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Unemployment Refers to all people a
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Statec. 2006. Correspondence on gro
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Countries in the income aggregatesH
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Developing countries in the regiona
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Index to Millennium Development Goa
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The 21st Century climate challenge

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