The 21st Century climate challenge

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TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development assistance(ODA) received a(net disbursements)MDGTotal debt serviceTotal(US$millions)Percapita(US$) As % of GDPNet foreign directinvestment inflows b(% of GDP)Other privateflows b, c(% of GDP)As % of GDPAs % of exports ofgoods, servicesand net incomefrom abroad2005 2005 1990 2005 1990 2005 1990 2005 1990 2005 1990 2005160 Guinea 182.1 19.4 10.3 5.5 0.6 3.1 -0.7 0.0 6.0 4.9 20.0 19.9 d161 Rwanda 576.0 63.7 11.1 26.7 0.3 0.4 -0.1 0.0 0.8 1.1 14.2 8.1162 Angola 441.8 27.7 2.6 1.3 -3.3 -4.0 5.6 4.7 3.2 6.8 8.1 9.2163 Benin 349.1 41.4 14.5 8.1 3.4 0.5 (.) -0.1 2.1 1.6 8.2 7.2 d164 Malawi 575.3 44.7 26.6 27.8 1.2 0.1 0.1 -0.1 7.1 4.6 29.3 ..165 Zambia 945.0 81.0 14.4 13.0 6.2 3.6 -0.3 1.8 6.1 3.3 14.7 ..166 Côte d’Ivoire 119.1 6.6 6.4 0.7 0.4 1.6 0.1 -0.8 11.7 2.8 35.4 5.5167 Burundi 365.0 48.4 23.2 45.6 0.1 0.1 -0.5 -0.6 3.7 4.9 43.4 41.4168 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 1,827.6 31.8 9.6 25.7 0.2 5.7 -0.1 (.) 3.7 3.0 .. ..169 Ethiopia 1,937.3 27.2 8.4 17.3 0.1 2.4 -0.5 1.0 2.0 0.8 39.0 4.1170 Chad 379.8 39.0 17.9 6.9 0.5 12.9 (.) (.) 0.7 1.1 4.4 ..171 Central African Republic 95.3 23.6 16.7 7.0 (.) 0.4 (.) 0.0 2.0 0.4 13.2 ..172 Mozambique 1,285.9 65.0 40.5 19.4 0.4 1.6 1.0 -0.3 3.2 1.4 26.2 4.2173 Mali 691.5 51.1 19.8 13.0 0.2 3.0 (.) 0.2 2.8 1.7 12.3 7.2 d174 Niger 515.4 36.9 15.6 15.1 1.6 0.4 0.4 -0.2 4.0 1.1 17.4 7.1 d175 Guinea-Bissau 79.1 49.9 51.8 26.3 0.8 3.3 (.) 0.0 3.5 10.8 31.1 40.2 d176 Burkina Faso 659.6 49.9 10.5 12.8 (.) 0.4 (.) (.) 1.1 0.9 6.8 ..177 Sierra Leone 343.4 62.1 9.1 28.8 5.0 4.9 0.6 0.0 3.3 2.1 10.1 9.2Developing countries 86,043.0 T 16.5 1.4 0.9 0.9 2.7 0.5 1.5 4.4 4.6 .. 13.0Least developed countries 25,979.5 T 33.9 11.8 9.3 0.3 2.6 0.5 0.8 3.0 2.3 16.9 7.0Arab States 29,612.0 T 94.3 2.9 3.0 .. .. .. 1.8 .. .. .. ..East Asia and the Pacifi c 9,541.6 T 4.9 0.8 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Latin America and the Caribbean 6,249.5 T 11.3 0.5 0.3 0.8 2.9 0.5 1.2 4.0 6.6 23.7 22.9South Asia 9,937.5 T 6.3 1.2 0.8 (.) 0.8 0.3 1.2 2.3 2.6 .. 15.4Sub-Saharan Africa 30,167.7 T 41.7 5.7 5.1 0.4 2.4 0.3 1.7 .. .. .. ..Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS 5,299.4 T 13.1 (.) 0.3 .. .. (.) 4.4 .. .. .. ..OECD 759.4 T f .. .. (.) 1.0 1.6 .. .. .. .. .. ..High-income OECD 0.0 T 0.0 .. 0.0 1.0 1.6 .. .. ..High human development 2,633.0 T 1.6 .. (.) 1.0 1.7 .. .. .. .. .. ..Medium human development 40,160.4 T 9.4 1.8 0.7 0.7 2.8 0.6 1.9 4.8 3.7 22.2 10.3Low human development 21,150.9 T 42.0 9.7 9.0 0.7 1.5 0.4 0.6 6.4 5.6 22.0 12.2High income .. T .. .. .. 1.0 1.6 .. .. ..Middle income 42,242.2 T 13.7 0.7 1.3 0.9 3.1 0.4 2.2 4.5 5.5 20.3 14.3Low income 44,123.0 T 18.2 4.1 3.2 0.4 1.4 0.3 1.0 3.7 3.1 27.1 13.7World 106,372.9 T g 16.3 0.3 0.2 1.0 1.9 .. 2.0 .. 5.1 .. ..NOTESThis table presents data for countries includedin Parts I and II of the DAC list of aid recipients(OECD-DAC 2007a). <strong>The</strong> denominatorconventionally used when comparing offi cialdevelopment assistance and total debt serviceto the size of the economy is GNI, not GDP (seeDefi nitions of statistical terms). GDP is used here,however, to allow comparability throughout thetable. With few exceptions the denominatorsproduce similar results.a. ODA receipts are total net ODA fl ows from DACcountries as well as Taiwan Province of China,Czech Republic, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Republicof Korea, Kuwait, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia,Turkey, United Arab Emirates and other smalldonors, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuaniaand Slovenia, and concessional lending frommultilateral organizations. A negative valueindicates that repayments of ODA loans exceedthe amount of ODA received.b. A negative value indicates that the capital fl owingout of the country exceeds that fl owing in.c. Other private fl ows combine non-debt-creatingportfolio equity investment fl ows, portfolio debtfl ows and bank and trade-related lending.d. Data refer to 2004.e. Data refer to 2003.f. Mexico and Turkey were the only OECDmember states to receive ODA from these sourcesin 2005.g. World total includes US$ 14,614 million notallocated either to individual countries or tospecifi c regions.SOURCESColumn 1: OECD-DAC 2007b.Column 2: Calculated on the basis of data on ODAand population from OECD-DAC 2007b.Columns 3 and 4: Calculated on the basis of dataon ODA from OECD-DAC 2007b and GDP from WorldBank 2007b.Columns 5 and 6: Calculated on the basis of data onforeign direct investment and GDP from World Bank2007b and GDP from World Bank 2007b.Columns 7 and 8: Calculated on the basis of data onportfolio investment, bank- and trade-related lendingand GDP data from World Bank 2007b.Columns 9 and 10: Calculated on the basis of dataon debt service and GDP data from World Bank2007b.Columns 11 and 12: World Bank 2007b.Human development indicatorsHUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008 293
TABLE19.. . to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living . . .Priorities in public spendingHuman development indicatorsHDI rankPublicexpenditureon health(% of GDP)Public expenditureon education(% of GDP)Militaryexpenditure a(% of GDP)Totaldebt service b(% of GDP)2004 1991 2002–05 c 1990 2005 1990 2005HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT1 Iceland 8.3 .. 8.1 0.0 0.0 .. ..2 Norway 8.1 7.1 7.7 2.9 1.7 .. ..3 Australia 6.5 4.9 4.7 2.0 1.8 .. ..4 Canada 6.8 6.5 5.2 2.0 1.1 .. ..5 Ireland 5.7 5.0 4.8 1.3 0.6 .. ..6 Sweden 7.7 7.1 7.4 2.6 1.5 .. ..7 Switzerland 6.7 5.3 6.0 1.8 1.0 .. ..8 Japan 6.3 .. 3.6 0.9 1.0 .. ..9 Netherlands 5.7 5.6 5.4 2.5 1.5 .. ..10 France 8.2 5.5 5.9 3.4 2.5 .. ..11 Finland 5.7 6.5 6.5 1.6 1.4 .. ..12 United States 6.9 5.1 5.9 5.3 4.1 .. ..13 Spain 5.7 4.1 4.3 1.8 1.1 .. ..14 Denmark 7.1 6.9 8.5 2.0 1.8 .. ..15 Austria 7.8 5.3 5.5 1.2 0.9 .. ..16 United Kingdom 7.0 4.8 5.4 3.9 2.7 .. ..17 Belgium 6.9 5.0 6.1 2.4 1.1 .. ..18 Luxembourg 7.2 3.0 3.6 d,e 0.9 0.8 .. ..19 New Zealand 6.5 6.1 6.5 1.9 1.0 .. ..20 Italy 6.5 3.0 4.7 2.1 1.9 .. ..21 Hong Kong, China (SAR) .. 2.8 4.2 .. .. .. ..22 Germany 8.2 .. 4.6 2.8 f 1.4 .. ..23 Israel 6.1 6.5 6.9 12.3 9.7 .. ..24 Greece 4.2 2.3 4.3 4.5 4.1 .. ..25 Singapore 1.3 3.1 3.7 e 4.9 4.7 .. ..26 Korea (Republic of) 2.9 3.8 4.6 3.7 2.6 .. ..27 Slovenia 6.6 4.8 6.0 2.2 g 1.5 .. ..28 Cyprus 2.6 3.7 6.3 5.0 1.4 .. ..29 Portugal 7.0 4.6 5.7 2.7 2.3 .. ..30 Brunei Darussalam 2.6 3.5 .. 6.4 3.9 .. ..31 Barbados 4.5 7.8 6.9 0.8 0.8 e 8.2 3.132 Czech Republic 6.5 .. 4.4 .. 1.8 3.0 4.833 Kuwait 2.2 4.8 5.1 48.5 4.8 .. ..34 Malta 7.0 4.4 4.5 0.9 0.7 .. ..35 Qatar 1.8 3.5 1.6 d .. .. .. ..36 Hungary 5.7 6.1 5.5 2.8 1.5 12.8 21.537 Poland 4.3 5.2 5.4 2.8 1.9 1.6 11.238 Argentina 4.3 3.3 3.8 1.2 1.0 4.4 5.839 United Arab Emirates 2.0 2.0 1.3 d 6.2 2.0 .. ..40 Chile 2.9 2.4 3.5 4.3 3.8 8.8 6.741 Bahrain 2.7 3.9 .. 5.1 3.6 .. ..42 Slovakia 5.3 5.6 4.3 .. 1.7 .. 12.643 Lithuania 4.9 5.5 5.2 .. 1.2 .. 10.144 Estonia 4.0 .. 5.3 0.5 g 1.5 .. 12.145 Latvia 4.0 4.1 5.3 .. 1.7 .. 19.646 Uruguay 3.6 2.5 2.6 3.1 1.3 10.6 13.347 Croatia 6.2 h,i 5.5 4.7 7.6 g 1.6 .. 12.848 Costa Rica 5.1 3.4 4.9 0.0 0.0 6.8 3.049 Bahamas 3.4 3.7 3.6 d,e 0.8 0.7 .. ..50 Seychelles 4.6 6.5 5.4 d 4.0 1.8 5.8 7.951 Cuba 5.5 9.7 9.8 .. .. .. ..52 Mexico 3.0 3.8 5.4 0.4 0.4 4.3 5.753 Bulgaria 4.6 5.4 4.2 3.5 2.4 .. 21.7294 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Copyright © 2007by the United Nati
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ForewordWhat we do today about clim
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AcknowledgementsThis Report could n
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Jean-Robert Moret, Koos Neefjes, Ii
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From climate shocks today to depriv
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Figures1.1 Rising CO 2emissions are
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… while preserving it for future
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Climate change providesa potent rem
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The real choice facingpolitical lea
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The world’s poor andfuture genera
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Current investment patternsare putt
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Avoiding the unprecedentedthreats p
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The rapid development anddeployment
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Support for the MDGsprovides anothe
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For the current generation,the chal
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• Create a Climate Change Mitigat
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“One generation plants a tree; th
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1The 21 st Century climate challeng
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1Special contributionClimate policy
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1 The 21 st Century climate challen
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1Box 1.3Developed countries have fa
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Climate shocks:risk and vulnerabili
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CHAPTER2Climateshocks: risk andvuln
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in order to cast a light on future
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Box 2.1Under-reporting climate disa
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Box 2.2The global insurance industr
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Box 2.3Hurricane Katrina—the soci
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human rights of the Inuit. The aim
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have been at least 14% lower (table
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intensify these pressures. In Ethio
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unable to build productive assets,
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Climate modelling exercises point t
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Box 2.7Climate change in Malawi—m
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prominently in low human developmen
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Box 2.8Climate change and China’s
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Box 2.9Melting glaciers and retreat
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enign climate change scenarios poin
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Alaska to Siberia has increased by
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donors to invest in rehabilitation.
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more likely. Evidence from the past
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“We shall require a substantially
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3Avoiding dangerous climate change:
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Table 3.1Emission reduction targets
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Box 3.1Leadership by example in car
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Box 3.2Targets and outcomes diverge
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Box 3.3The United Kingdom's climate
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Box 3.5Reducing carbon intensity in
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Box 3.7Renewable energy in Germany
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Box 3.9Palm oil and biofuel develop
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Box 3.11Decarbonizing growth in Ind
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4Adapting to the inevitable:nationa
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CHAPTER4Adapting to the inevitable:
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Mitigation is one part of a twin st
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structures for adaptation planning.
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national climate change projections
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Adjusted for country context, these
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training and support, to 11 regiona
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must take into account the impact o
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Act guarantees 100 days of employme
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• In Kenya, drought in pastoral a
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Box 4.5Risk insurance and adaptatio
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oad umbrella, rich countries are re
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0.7 percent of Gross National Incom
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vulnerable ecosystems. Actual spend
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ange for that risk extends from a n
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countries. 71 The figures are based
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adaptation will require a high leve
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national and subnational programmes
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NotesChapter 11 Diamond 2005.2 Kenn
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oceans, which cover 70 percent of t
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69 Gurría and Manning 2007.70 OCHA
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Canales Davila, Caridad and Alberto
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———. 2006a. “Building a Glo
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EPA (Environment Protection Agency)
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OECD Development Assistance Committ
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Landau, J.P. 2004. “Rapport à Mo
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Regional Hunger and Vulnerability P
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UNDP (United Nations Development Pr
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Readers guide and notes to tablesHu
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sification, which refers only to th
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Note to Table 1: about this year’
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ences in national price levels. The
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TABLE1Monitoringhuman development:
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TABLE1HDI rank aHumandevelopmentind
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TABLE1aMonitoring human development
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TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
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TABLE2HDI rank 1975 1980 1985 1990
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TABLE3HDI rankHuman povertyindex (H
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TABLE4Monitoring human development:
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Page 260 and 261: TABLE5HDI rankTotal population(mill
Page 264 and 265: TABLE6HDI rankPublic(% of GDP)Healt
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Page 268 and 269: TABLE7HDI rankMDGPopulation usingim
Page 274 and 275: TABLE9HDI rankHIVprevalence a(% age
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Page 278 and 279: TABLE10HDI rankLife expectancy at b
Page 280 and 281: TABLE11. . . to acquire knowledge .
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Page 286 and 287: TABLE12HDI rankAdult literacy rate(
Page 288 and 289: TABLE13. . . to acquire knowledge .
Page 290 and 291: TABLE13HDI rankMDGTelephone mainlin
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Page 294 and 295: TABLE14HDI rankUS$ billions2005GDPG
Page 298 and 299: TABLE15HDI rankSurvey yearMDGShare
Page 302 and 303: TABLE16HDI rankImports of goodsand
Page 306 and 307: TABLE18HDI rankOfficial development
Page 310 and 311: TABLE19HDI rankPublicexpenditureon
Page 312 and 313: TABLE19Publicexpenditureon health(%
Page 316 and 317: TABLE21Unemployedpeople(thousands)E
Page 318 and 319: TABLE22HDI rankElectricity consumpt
Page 320 and 321: TABLE22Electricity consumptionper c
Page 322 and 323: TABLE23Share of TPES aFossil fuels
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Page 326 and 327: TABLE24HDI rankTotal(Mt CO 2)Annual
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Page 330 and 331: TABLE25HDI rankCartagenaProtocol on
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Page 334 and 335: TABLE26HDI rankInternallydisplacedp
Page 336 and 337: TABLE26Conventional arms transfers
Page 338 and 339: TABLE27HDI rank2000-04 c 2007 d 200
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Page 342 and 343: TABLE28HDI rankGender-relateddevelo
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Page 346 and 347: TABLE29HDI rankGender empowerment m
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Page 350 and 351: TABLE30HDI rankAdult literacy aFema
Page 352 and 353: TABLE30Adult literacy aMDGYouth lit
Page 354 and 355: TABLE31HDI rankFemale economic acti
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TABLE33.. . and achieving equality
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TABLE33Year women received right aY
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TABLE34Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE34HDI rankInternationalConvent
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TABLE35Humanand labour rights instr
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TABLE35HDI rankFreedom of associati
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TECHNICAL NOTE 1Calculating the hum
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008
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Calculating the GDI (continued)Seco
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Selected readingsAnand, Sudhir, and
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under the age of five countries tha
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Earned income (PPP US$), estimated
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individual or household. The Gini i
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problems of under reporting and mis
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Unemployment Refers to all people a
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Statec. 2006. Correspondence on gro
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Countries in the income aggregatesH
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Developing countries in the regiona
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Indicator table Indicator Indicator
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Index to Millennium Development Goa
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The 21st Century climate challenge

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