The 21st Century climate challenge

yet received a decision or is otherwise registered as anasylum seeker. Country of origin refers to the claimant’snationality or country of citizenship.Renewable energy Energy derived from natural processesthat are constantly replenished. Among the formsof renewable energy are deriving directly or indirectlyfrom the sun, or from heat generated deep within theearth. Renewable energy includes energy generated fromsolar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower and oceanresources and some waste. Renewable energy commoditiesbelong to the primary energy commodities group.Research and development (R&D) expendituresCurrent and capital expenditures (including overhead)on creative, systematic activity intended to increasethe stock of knowledge. Included are fundamental andapplied research and experimental development workleading to new devices, products or processes.Researchers in R&D People trained to work in anyfield of science who are engaged in professional researchand development activity. Most such jobs require thecompletion of tertiary education.Royalties and licence fees, receipts of Receipts byresidents from nonresidents for the authorized use ofintangible, nonproduced, nonfinancial assets and proprietaryrights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights,franchises and industrial processes) and for the use,through licensing agreements, of produced originals ofprototypes (such as films and manuscripts). Data arebased on the balance of payments.Sanitation facilities, improved, population usingThe percentage of the population with access to adequateexcreta disposal facilities, such as a connectionto a sewer or septic tank system, a pour-flush latrine, asimple pit latrine or a ventilated improved pit latrine.An excreta disposal system is considered adequateif it is private or shared (but not public) and if it caneffectively prevent human, animal and insect contactwith excreta.Science, maths and engineering, tertiary studentsin The share of tertiary students enrolled in natural sciences;engineering; mathematics and computer sciences;architecture and town planning; transport and communications;trade, craft and industrial programmes; andagriculture, forestry and fisheries. See Education levels.Seats in parliament held by women Refers to seatsheld by women in a lower or single house or an upperhouse or senate, where relevant.Smoking, prevalence among adults of The percentageof men and women who smoke cigarettes.Telephone mainlines Telephone lines connecting acustomer’s equipment to the public switched telephonenetwork.Terms of trade The ratio of the export price indexto the import price index measured relative to a baseyear. A value of more than 100 means that the price ofexports has risen relative to the price of imports.Time use, market activities Time spent on activitiessuch as employment in establishments, primaryproduction not in establishments, services for incomeand other production of goods not in establishmentsas defined according to the 1993 revised UN System ofNational Accounts. See Time use, nonmarket activitiesand Time use, work time, total.Time use, nonmarket activities Time spent on activitiessuch as household maintenance (cleaning, laundryand meal preparation and cleanup), management andshopping for own household; care for children, thesick, the elderly and the disabled in own household; andcommunity services, as defined according to the 1993revised UN System of National Accounts. See Timeuse, market activities and Time use, work time, total.Time use, work time, total Time spent on market andnonmarket activities as defined according to the 1993revised UN System of National Accounts. See Time use,market activities and Time use, nonmarket activities.Treaties, ratification of After signing a treaty, a countrymust ratify it, often with the approval of its legislature.Such process implies not only an expression of interest asindicated by the signature, but also the transformation ofthe treaty’s principles and obligations into national law.Tuberculosis cases, prevalence The total numberof tuberculosis cases reported to the World HealthOrganization. A tuberculosis case is defined as a patientin whom tuberculosis has been bacteriologically confirmedor diagnosed by a clinician.Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS The percentageof estimated new infectious tuberculosis casescured under DOTS, the internationally recommendedtuberculosis control strategy.Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS Thepercentage of estimated new infectious tuberculosiscases detected (diagnosed in a given period) underDOTS, the internationally recommended tuberculosiscontrol strategy.Under-five mortality rate See Mortality rate,under-five.Under height for age, children under age fiveIncludes moderate stunting (defined as betweentwo and three standard deviations below the medianheight-for-age of the reference population), andsevere stunting (defined as more than three standarddeviations below the median height-for-age of thereference population).Under weight for age, children under age five Includesmoderate underweight (defined as between two andthree standard deviations below the median weight-forageof the reference population), and severe underweight(defined as more than three standard deviations belowthe median weight-for-age of the reference population).Undernourished people People whose food intakeis chronically insufficient to meet their minimumenergy requirements.370 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007/2008