The United States and China in Power Transition - Strategic Studies ...

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However, the harmonious world construct is by no means as promising as the Chinese have claimed. Chinese leaders would be better served to take a hard look at this policy call before getting carried away by that unqualified praise (在艳媚赞扬声中忽悠过去) and making another round of zealous promotion. First, Chinese leaders should see that their harmonious world construct is about improvement of the existing (U.S./West-led) international order, but not a design to replace it. President Hu’s UN speech cited earlier attests to this point. There is no reason for China to over-blow the significance of this construct. Second, Chinese leaders should also take a hard look at the “classical foundation” of the harmonious world construct, namely, the Confucius teaching and his prescriptions for a harmonious society. There have been numerous writings in China to celebrate the redressing of Confucianism in China and the CCP’s embracement of Confucius teaching as the cultural underpinning of China’s harmonious society and harmonious world construct. 40 However, few have dared to discuss some of the widely-known problems with Confucianism and their negative implications for the harmonious world construct. 41 It is beyond the scope of this analysis to provide an extended discussion of Confucius’ “dream of a ‘communism-equivalent’ harmojnious world” (大同世界), his “love” for the hierarchical socio-economic and political relationship: ruler and servant, father and son (君臣父子), his preference for the rule of benevolence (仁治) and rituals (礼治) to the rule of law (法治), his admiration for the high class and rulers (君子) and prejudice against the commoners (小人), his view on the unalterable class stratifications (唯上知与下愚不移), his way to make the people follow an 91
order but not to understand it (民可使由之, 不可使知之), and his “contribution” to China’s authoritarian tradition. Suffice it to say that the entire stock of Confucius’s political thought is about authoritarian order and rulership. We also know for a fact that China’s whole history has been under dynastic and authoritarian rule, especially in the almost 2,000 years when Confucianism was the official political and ethical dogma, not to mention the totalitarian dictatorship under Mao Zedong. (Although Mao and his successors claim to have broken from China’s dynastic past and dismissed Confucianism, the CCP has nevertheless retained most of the Chinese authoritarian tradition in its rule of China.) Authoritarian rule by design does not allow political differences. It goes without saying that “harmony with cultural diversities and political differences” (和而不同) has never existed in China. On the contrary, throughout history, Chinese have only known about “political conformity with disharmony” (同而不和). Thus when those unqualified claims of harmony as the mainstay of the Chinese tradition and the underpinning of the harmonious world construct come to dominate the promotion of this questionable call, they are, in essence, observing the authoritarian rule of political conformity and flattering the Chinese leaders with a “new dress” that they do not have. Chinese leaders’ call for cultural diversity and political difference puts themselves in an awkward situation: they like to cite Karl Marx’s teaching that a nation’s foreign policy is an extension of its internal political, economic, social, and cultural constructs; yet since there is no harmonious society in China, how can they promote a harmonious world abroad as a Chinese foreign policy? The harmonious world call, under this circumstance, appears to be just another 92
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U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE STRATEGIC STU
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***** Comments pertaining to this r
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Appendix 1: Selected Articles From
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with the United States? How does th
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SUMMARY This analysis discusses the
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and unexpected challenges. U.S. and
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ahead, while the United States shou
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provocative acts, adamantly opposes
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION We can’t p
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Finally, the next 30 years will be
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Figure 2-1. Structure of Internatio
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As a general rule, mature nations m
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centuries, periodic internal breaku
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However, British power gradually de
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aftermath of World War I. President
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In retrospect, we can make the argu
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malized” Japan (presumably so wit
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and China. For centuries, China as
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expansion. Russia is not happy with
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dissatisfied second-ranked power. I
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danger of war because the condition
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21. See a recent analysis of Russia
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In the face of these daunting chall
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West. This sentiment runs deep and
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the changes to China appear nonthre
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Unfortunately, the emperor and the
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the Qing started to rock the dynast
Page 57 and 58: In October 1928, the ROC government
Page 59 and 60: were confident and eager to unleash
Page 61 and 62: those so-called “leaders of capit
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3-3. Top Iron/Steel Producti
Page 65 and 66: system modernization (although the
Page 67 and 68: cieties, penetrating into economics
Page 69 and 70: Just as the world was experiencing
Page 71 and 72: The Coming Conflict with China was
Page 73 and 74: from the Chinese point of view, the
Page 75 and 76: States in particular (the Chinese E
Page 77 and 78: now willingly to become a member of
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Page 83 and 84: 18. Warlords such as Feng Guozhang
Page 85 and 86: 31. See, for example, the United Na
Page 87 and 88: Mearsheimer’s Presentation at Sha
Page 89 and 90: 58. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao deli
Page 92 and 93: CHAPTER 4 THE FUTURE OF U.S.-CHINA
Page 94 and 95: the significance of their ambitions
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Page 98 and 99: POSSIBLE OUTCOMES FOR THE U.S.-CHIN
Page 100 and 101: on important issues of the day. Nev
Page 102 and 103: A Change of Guard? The peaceful cha
Page 104 and 105: The U.S. push for democratic change
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Page 114 and 115: United States stands for the democr
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Page 120 and 121: of war reparation to Japan followin
Page 122 and 123: cultural, and historical interests.
Page 124 and 125: version to conquer independent nati
Page 126 and 127: • The U.S. side declared: The Uni
Page 128 and 129: malization of relations with the Un
Page 130 and 131: the “One-China” principle, whic
Page 132 and 133: ment. The KMT’s landslide victori
Page 134 and 135: ing. As China becomes more powerful
Page 136 and 137: This combination of [PLA] rapidly a
Page 138 and 139: U.S. aircraft carrier group making
Page 140 and 141: earlier, it has been conducting thi
Page 142 and 143: the planned war games, many took th
Page 144 and 145: field Bank (中沙群岛) in the mi
Page 146 and 147: to accept the territorial “spoils
Page 148 and 149: littoral nations to claim the 200 n
Page 150 and 151: neighbors, especially the Southeast
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Page 156 and 157: Asian Affairs at the National Secur
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audience (there were 27 of them at
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15th anniversary of the U.S.-Vietna
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compromised by recommending claiman
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Indeed, the current fight over thes
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and the handover of those islands t
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for ruling on maritime disputes: on
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Han Chinese, the ones in Tibet and
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Development takes time. Between now
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• During the Qing Dynasty, the ce
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was erected at the Tibet-China bord
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• In October 1950, the newly-foun
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Deputy Director of the CCP’s Cent
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a statutory position of Special Coo
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equivocally that he does not seek s
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the Chinese, Mongols, and the Turki
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大会 or 世维会). It is an inte
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U.S.-CHINA POWER TRANSITION: AT ODD
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way China develops, and guard again
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• In March 2010, the U.S. State D
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Specifically, they pressed the Chin
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on China on democratic change, dead
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Will China follow the example of U.
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China power transition were to end
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the arms sales business. For all th
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no substitute for the efforts to wi
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With an adjustment in its national
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In addition to these quantitative c
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other items to China that still rem
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ment and containment, with ample ev
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un, this kind of relationship is no
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U.S.-China power transition is a lo
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a preventive war launched by the do
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look Database, April 2010). The Wor
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ary 2006, for a discussion of China
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Chinese critiques of the harmonious
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Rule by Virtue”), 刊授党校,
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year term in prison for what he sai
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66. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White
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80. See PRC position on this issue
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Xinhua News Agency, March 11, 2009;
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The delegates rejected the Soviet a
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York: Metheun, 1982; Li Jinming (
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the Mischief Reef and Deploying Fig
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“Hearing on Maritime Territorial
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the Persian Gulf region will be reg
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our alliance responsibilities,” q
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169. See also Wangchuk Deden Shakab
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Gyaltsen Gyari, “The Way Forward
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190. The Central Tibetan Administra
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203. The highest-ranking Chinese of
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213. Henry Kissinger, On China, New
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232. See Shirley Kan, “U.S.-China
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APPENDIX 1 SELECTED ARTICLES FROM T
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other activities for the economic e
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The continental margin comprises th
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Article 77: Rights of the Coastal S
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Article 81: Drilling on the Contine
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State, or in the archipelagic water
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APPENDIX 2 CAIRO DECLARATION 1 Conf
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APPENDIX 3 POTSDAM PROCLAMATION 1 D
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Japan shall be permitted to maintai
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Article 3: Japan will concur in any
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U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE Major General
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