The United States and China in Power Transition - Strategic Studies ...

11. Wang Zhaohui (王兆辉), “晚清军工战略与近代中国的军
事现代化进程” (“Military Industrial Strategy and Contemporary
Chinese Military Affairs Modernization in the Late Qing Era”), 湖
南科技学院学报 (Journal of Hunan Science and Technology College),
Vol. 29, No. 3, 2008.
12. The number of decrees varies from 40 (see John King Fairbank
and Merle Goldman, China: A New History, 2nd Enlarged
Ed., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006) to 300 (see
Xiao Gongqin (萧功秦), 危机中的变革: 清末政治中的激进与保守
(Transformation in Crisis: Radicals and Conservatives in the Late Qing
Politics), Guangdong, China: Guangdong People’s Publishing,
2011).
13. See Yang Tianshi (杨天石), “戊戌变法:比较完全意义上的
改革运动” (“Wuxu Reform: a Relatively Complete Reform Movement”),
北京日报 (Beijing Daily), January 12, 2009, for a discussion
of these six aspects.
14. Feudal China was a male-dominated society. However,
many times in its history, premature boys were put on the throne
and their mothers or empresses assumed regency over those
young or baby emperors. To avoid direct contact between the
male officials and the empress, a semi-transparent curtain was set
up to separate them. Ruling behind the curtains has also become
a Chinese proverb to refer to situations where an unofficial but
powerful ruler or leader controls politics behind the scene.
15. See Liang Qichao (梁启超), “立宪法议” (“On Constitutional
Monarchy”), 清议报, 第81册 (Qing Yi Bao), Vol. 81, 1901.
16. “In-house” fight (窝里斗) is arguably one of China’s “national
characteristics.” The most critical writings about this issue
are perhaps the ones by Bo Yang (柏杨), 丑陋的中国人 (The Ugly
Chinese). Taipei, Taiwan: Lin Bai Chubanshe, 1985; and his other
works.
17. See Sun’s writings. 孙中山全集 1-11 卷 (Collection of Sun
Yat-sen Vols. 1-11). Beijing, China: Zhonghua Publishing (中华书
局), 1981-86.
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