The United States and China in Power Transition - Strategic Studies ...

Chinese way of thinking to encourage scientific inquiry. Richard
E. Nisbett, The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners
Think Differently and Why, New York: Free Press, 2003, is a good
book to start.
6. Chinese use “Westernization Movement” for “Yangwu
Movement.” The translation is not very satisfactory, for Yangwu
includes a wide range of activities such as foreign affairs, treaty
negotiation, purchase of European/Western-made weaponry,
and establishing business and manufactory operations.
7. There were about 30 other influential individuals, most of
them Qing high officials or gentry scholars, making similar efforts
around that time to introduce the outside world to China. Wei
Yuan’s work is the most influential one. See Yu Heping (虞和平),
Ma Yong (马勇), and Su Shaozhi, (苏少之), 中国现代化历程 (The
Course of Modernization in China), Nanjing, China: Jiangsu People’s
Publishing, 2001, Vol. 1, pp. 109-112, for a list of these individuals
and their works.
8. The most outspoken one is perhaps by Zhang Zhidong (张
之洞) in his writing 劝学篇 (On Learning), Beijing, China: Zhonghua
Shuju, 1991, in which he argued that Confucianism had been
the core ethical and virtual code for China; its teaching was close
to perfect and allowed no revision; this Chinese core value was
unshakable; China did not need to learn from any other nation;
what China needed was the means to manufacture, which the
West could provide; China should make use of the West’s technology
on the basis of preserving the Chinese fundamentals.
9. Key reform-minded officials Feng Guifen (冯桂芬) and
Shen Shoukang (沈寿康) were the first ones to put forward this
concept. Zhang Zhidong (张之洞) provided a comprehensive explanation
of this concept in his influential book 劝学篇 (On Learning).
See Wang Zhaoxiang (王兆祥) “‘中体西用‘ 再论” (“Chinese
Learning as Fundamental and Western Learning for Practice Reconsidered”),
广西社会科学 (Guangxi Social Sciences), No. 8, 2008.
10. See Yu Heping (虞和平), Ma Yong (马勇), and Su Shaozhi
(苏少之), 中国现代化历程 (The Course of Modernization in China),
Nanjing, China: Jiangsu People’s Publishing, 2001, Vol. I, for a
comprehensive and detailed account of the early modernization
developments in China.
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