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270 CONVERGENCE CULTURE<br />

Typing, Not Journalism», CSSnews.com, 8 de noviembre de 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/<br />

slories/20041l1!08/opinion/main654285.shtml; Mark Glaser, «Exit Polls Bring Trafflc Deluge,<br />

Scrutiny to <strong>Blog</strong>s, Slate», use Annenberg Online Journalism Review. 5 de noviembre de 2004,<br />

http://ojr.org/ojr/glasser/l099616933.php.<br />

18. Nicholas Confessare, «Bush's Secret Stash: Why the GOP War Chest Is Even Bigger than<br />

You Think», Washington Monthly, mayo de 2004, accesible en http://www.washingtonrnonthly.<br />

corn/features/2004/0405.confessore.htrnI.<br />

19. Christopher Lydon, «The Master of Meet Up: Scott Heiferman», Christopher Lydon Interviews,<br />

http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/lydon/2003/10/21.<br />

20. Trippi, The Revolution Will Not Be Televised, pág. 91.<br />

21. Véase http://www.bushin30seconds.org.<br />

22. Corrie Pikul, «The Photoshopping of the President», Saíon, 1 de julio de 2004, http://archive.salon.com/ent/feature/2004/07lO1Iphotoshop/.<br />

23. Sobre Photoshop como media para responder al11 de septiembre, véase Dominic Pettman,<br />

«How the Web Became a Tool for Popular Propaganda after S11», Crikey.com.au, 3 de febrero de<br />

2002, http://www.krikey.com.aufmedia/2002j02/02-Jihadfordummies.html.<br />

24. Lauren Berlant, The Queen ofAmerica Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship,<br />

Durham, N.C., Duke University Press, 1997.<br />

25. Para otra útil discusiõn sobre ciudadanía y consumo, véase Sarah Banet-Weiser, «"We<br />

Pledge Allegiance to Kids": Nickelodeon and Citizenship», en Heather Hendershot (comp.),<br />

Nickelodeon Nation: The History, Poíítics, and Economics ofAmerica's Only TV Channel for<br />

Kids, Nueva York, New York University Press, 2004.<br />

26. http://www.ew.com/ew/report/0.6115.446852_4_0_.QO.html.<br />

27. EI Centro para la Infonnación y la Investigación sobre el Aprendizaje y el Compromiso Cívicos,<br />

«Tumout of Under-25 Voters Up Sharply». 9 de noviembre de 2004, http://www.civicyoulh.org/PopUps/Release_1824final.<br />

pdf.<br />

28. Walter Benjamin, «The Work of Art in an Age of Mechanical Reproduction» (trad. cast.:<br />

«La obra de arte en la época de su reproductibilidad técnica», en Discursos interrumpidos I, Madrid,<br />

Taurus, 1989), accesible en http://bid.berkeley.edu/bidclass/readings/benjamin.html.<br />

29. Centro de Investigación Pew para la Gente y la Prensa, «Cable and Internet Loom Large in<br />

Fragmented Political News Universe», 11 de enero de 2004, http://people-press.orglreports/display.php3?ReportID=200.<br />

30. 10n Katz, «The Media's War on Kids: From the Beatles to Beavis and Butthead», Rolling<br />

Stone, febrero de 1994, págs. 31-33, 97.<br />

31. Dannagal Goldthwaite Young, «Daííy Show Viewers Knowledgeable about Presidential<br />

Campaign, National Annenberg Election Survey Shows», 21 de septiembre de 2004, http://www.<br />

annenbergpubticpolicycenter.orglnaes.2004_03_Iate-night-knowledge-2_9-21_pc.pdf. Véase también<br />

Bryan Long, «t'Daily Show" viewers Ace Political Quiz», CNN, 29 de septiembre de 2004,<br />

hllp:llwww.cnn.com/2004/SHOWB1Z/rV/09/28/comedy.politics/.<br />

32. Citas tomadas de la transcripción oficial dei programa accesible en http://transcripts.cnn.<br />

com/fRANSCRIPTS/04l0/15/cf.Ol.html.<br />

33. Michael Schudson, «Click Here for Democracy: A History and Critique afan Infonnation­<br />

Based Model of Citizenship», en <strong>Henry</strong> <strong>Jenkins</strong> y David Thomburn (comps.), Democracy and<br />

New Media, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 2003, pág. 55.<br />

34. Michael Schudson, «Changing Concepts of Democracy», MIT Communications Forum,<br />

http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/papers/schudson.htrnl.<br />

35. Ibíd.<br />

36. Ibíd.<br />

37. Véase, por ejemplo, R. J. Bain, eRethinking the Infonned Citizen in ao Age of Hybrid Media<br />

Gemes: Tanner '88, K-Street, and the Fictionalization of the News», tesis de máster, Programa<br />

de Estudios Mediáticos Comparados, MIT, 2004, YCristóbal Garcia, «A Framework for Political

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