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egulations while stage III considers the interaction that enhances the convenience of
citizens through interactive portal. Stage IV involves transactional which is a two-way
interaction between government and citizens. It refers to the ability to make online
transaction such as business license renewal and payment of tax. The final stage
considers the connectivity especially the various connections between different levels of
government to other sectors. A detail outlines of these stages can be obtained from the
United Nations spotlight resources (Nation, 2010b).
Section 2.1 discusses the general knowledge of e-Government covering the definitions
and the associated delivery model, as well as the evolution of e-Government. In the next
section e-Government readiness will be discussed.
2.2. E-Readiness
Similar to e-Government having more than one definition, e-Readiness also have
various definitions. The Bridges.org organisation (Bridge.org, 2008) defines e-
Readiness as “the ability for a region to benefit from information and communications
technology”. E-Readiness is “the ability to use Information and Communication
Technologies to develop one's economy, to foster one's welfare” as defined by Pena-
Lopez (2010). In simple terms it can be defined as “the extent to which e-Services can
be deployed”.
There are various ways of measuring e-Readiness and the UN (United Nations, 2010c)
have used one of the most common measuring tool which incorporates three indices to
determine e-Readiness level: “Web Measure Index, Infrastructure Index and Human
Capital Index”. In addition, there is another related index, the E-participation, as
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