Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

More documents

Recommendations

Info

4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time the Fade > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems Distribution Type Empirical Multipath Model Canyon-870 MHz, 45 o Canyon-1.5 GHz, 45 o Canyon-870 MHz, 30 o Canyon-1.5 GHz, 30 o Roadside Trees-1.5 GHz, 30 o - 60 o Roadside Trees-870 MHz, 30 o - 60 o Near Water-20 GHz, 8 o Open Field-20 GHz, 8 o Roadside Trees-20 GHz 38 o (295 S) Roadside Trees-20 GHz, 38 o (295 N) Hilly (Worst Aspect)-1.5 GHz, 14 o Hilly (Best Aspect)-1.5 GHz, 10 o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fade (dB) Figure 4-9: Comparison of line-of-sight multipath distributions for different scenarios and frequencies with single empirical multipath model (EMM) distribution (thick curve without data points). 4.7 Summary and Recommendations Several models have been described giving the relationship between percentage of distance traveled and attenuation. The different models pertain to various multipath scenarios where the mechanism of fading is caused by the direct signal and an interfering multipath signal being received at the antenna as shown in Figure 4-1. The models considered here are: (1) Mountainous terrain at 870 MHz and 1.5 GHz for 30° and 45° elevation angles (see Equation (4-1)) and Table 4-2) [ITU-R, 1994; 1997]. (2) Roadside tree measurements at 870 MHz and 1.5 GHz for elevation angles between 30° and 60° (see Equation (4-2)) and Table 4-3). Models pertaining to (1) and (2) are ITU-R recommendations [ITU-R, 1994: 1997]. (3) The Empirical Multipath Model (EMM) is given by (4-3) and (4-4) and shown in Figure 4-9. Unlike the previous models described, the new empirical relationship covers elevation angles between 8° and 60° and frequencies between 870 MHz and 20 GHz and is representative of all terrain. The one exception corresponds to the scenario where the vehicle is in proximity to a body of
Signal Degradation for Line-of-Sight Communications 4-15 water and the elevation angle and antenna beamwidths are such that rays within the main beam may reflect from the water and are not obstructed by the vehicle. This scenario at the 1% probability level gave fades at 20 GHz which ranged from 8 dB to 14 dB (Figure 4-5). The EMM is representative of the median of 12 measured distributions encompassing the above described scenarios and falls within ±1.5 dB of the measured distributions at 2% probability and greater. At 10% and greater, the model values fall within ±1 dB. The engineer may conveniently employ this single exponential expression with the caveat that it is in agreement with the measured distributions to within the stated dB variations. 4.8 References Goldhirsh, J., W. J. Vogel, and G. W. Torrence [1994], “ACTS Mobile Propagation Campaign,” Proceedings of the Eighteenth NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX XVIII) and the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Miniworkshop, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 16- 17, pp. 135-150. (Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication JPL 94-19, August 1, 1994, California, Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.) Goldhirsh, J. and W. J. Vogel [1989], “Mobile Satellite System Fade Statistics for Shadowing and Multipath from Roadside Trees at UHF and L-band,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-37, No. 4, pp. 489-498, April. ITU-R [1994] (International Telecommunication Union, Radio Communication Study Groups), “Propagation Data Required for the Design of Earth-Space Land Mobile Telecommunication Systems,” Recommendation ITU-R PN.681-1, International Telecommunication Union, ITU-R Recommendations, 1994 PN Series Volume, Propagation in Non-Ionized Media, pp. 358-365. ITU-R [1997] (International Telecommunications Union, Radio Communication Study Groups, “Revision of Recommendation ITU-R P.681,” Document 3M/3 - February. Joanneum Research [1995], “Land Mobile Satellite Narrowband Propagation Campaign at Ka-Band,” Final Report W.O. #4, ESTEC Contract 9949/92/NL, January. Murr, F., B. Arbesser-Rastburg, S. Buonomo, Joanneum Research [1995], “Land Mobile Satellite Narrowband Propagation Campaign at Ka-Band,” International Mobile Satellite Conference (IMSC ’95), Ottawa, Canada, pp. 134-138. Paraboni, A. and B. Giannone, [1991], “Information for the participation to the ITALSAT Propagation Experiment,” Politecnico di Milano Report 91.032. Vogel, W. J. and J. Goldhirsh [1995], “Multipath Fading at L-Band for Low Elevation Angle, Land Mobile Satellite Scenarios,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 13, No. 2, February, pp. 197-204. Vogel, W. J, G. W. Torrence and J. Goldhirsh [1994], “ACTS 20 GHz Mobile Propagation Campaign in Alaska,” Presentations of the Sixth ACTS Propagation Studies Workshop (APSW VI), Sheraton Sand Key Resort, Clearwater Beach, Florida, November 28-30, pp. 283-294. (Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication JPL-
Page 1:
A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
Page 7:
10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
Page 11:
Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
Page 14 and 15:
1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 21 and 22:
Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
Page 23 and 24:
Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
Page 25 and 26:
Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39:
Page 43 and 44:
Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
Page 45:
Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51: 3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
Page 52 and 53: 3-6 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
Page 56 and 57: 3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
Page 58 and 59: 3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
Page 60 and 61: 3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
Page 66 and 67: 3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
Page 70 and 71: 3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
Page 72 and 73: 3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
Page 74 and 75: 3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
Page 78 and 79: 3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
Page 83: Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
Page 86 and 87: Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
Page 90 and 91: 4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
Page 94 and 95: 4-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
Page 105 and 106: Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
Page 109 and 110: Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
Page 121: Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
Page 125 and 126: Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
Page 129 and 130: Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
Page 143: Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
Page 147 and 148: Table of Contents 7 Investigations
Page 149: was derived from measurements over
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
7-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
Page 156 and 157:
7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
Page 158 and 159:
7-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
Page 160 and 161:
7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
Page 162 and 163:
7-12 Percentage of Distance Fade >
Page 164 and 165:
7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
7-28 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
Page 181:
Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
Page 184 and 185:
Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
Page 187 and 188:
Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
Page 189 and 190:
Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223:
Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
Page 234 and 235:
9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
Page 236 and 237:
9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page 238 and 239:
9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
Page 246 and 247:
9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
Page 248 and 249:
9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 255 and 256:
Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
Page 259 and 260:
Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275:
Page 279 and 280:
Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
Page 281 and 282:
Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
Page 283 and 284:
Theoretical Modeling Considerations
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313:
Page 317 and 318:
Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
Page 319:
Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
Page 332 and 333:
12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
Page 334 and 335:
12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 345 and 346:
Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
Page 347 and 348:
Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
show all

Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?